Dr. Russell C Schnell
Senior Scientist
Cooperative Institute for
Environmental Sciences (CIRES)
325 Broadway, R/GML
Boulder CO 80305-3328
Phone: (303) 497-6733 (Office)
(720 448-6077 (Cell)
Email: russell.c.schnell@noaa.gov
EDUCATION:
University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Canada, B.S. in Chemistry, 1966 (with Distinction).
Memorial University of Newfoundland,
St. Johns, Canada, B.S. in Biology, 1968, First Class.
University of Hawaii, Honolulu,
Climatology, 1968.
University of Wales, Swansea,
Agricultural Climatology, 1969-70.
University of Wyoming, Atmospheric
Science, M.S., 1971. Thesis: "Ice Nuclei from Decomposing Tree Leaves," supervised by
Dr. G. Vali.
University of Wyoming, Atmospheric
Science, Ph.D., 1974. Dissertation: "Biogenic Sources of
Atmospheric Ice Nuclei," supervised by Dr. G. Vali.
WORK RESEARCH AND EXPERIENCE:
1960-1963: Castor Advance, Castor,
Alberta, Printer’s Apprentice
1966-1968: Research Technician,
Alberta Research Council, Alberta Hail Studies:
Develop, install and maintain a
precipitation and hail collection network over 10,000 square miles of Alberta
farmland.
1969-1971: Research Assistant,
Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie: National
Hail Research Experiment, Elk Mountain Orographic Cloud Studies, and Project
METROMEX. Discovered biological ice nuclei, living and inanimate.
1971-1974: Scientist I, Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie. Laboratory research
into biogenic atmospheric ice nuclei with $133,000/yr. research grant from the
National Science Foundation (NSF).
1974-1975: National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, Advanced Study Program Fellow.
Original research into naturally occurring ice nucleants, conducted a two-month
drought research and ice nuclei research project in the Sahel of Africa.
Invited member of the
1975 US Navy HAYES Atlantic Fog
Research Cruise. On-board aircraft scientist for NCAR Project DUSTSTORM.
1975-1976: National Research Council,
Research Associate, NOAA/APCL, Boulder CO. Research into the structure and form
of naturally occurring biological ice nucleants, aerosol composition studies,
power plant plume studies. Development of techniques for the control of
bacterial ice nucleants (i.e. frost damage) in crops, aerosol and ice nucleus
research. Research on ski hill snowmaking with biological ice nuclei. This
later was developed into SNOWMAX ski hill snowmaking additive by Kodak
Inc.
1976-1978: Director, Mount Kenya
Baseline Station Feasibility Study, Nairobi, Kenya. Directed a United Nations
project studying the feasibility of building an atmospheric baseline monitoring
station on Mount Kenya (15,000ft). Overall responsibility for the planning,
field research, data analysis, personnel, accounting and reporting. Conducted
surface and airborne research. Responsible for a staff growing from 3 up to 45
personnel when in the field. Project successful. Mt. Kenya Atmospheric
Baseline Observatory constructed and put into operation at a later date.
1979: Scientist, WMO Project PEP,
Valladolid, Spain. Airborne cloud physics research scientist studying the
potential for seeding clouds for rain above central Spain.
1979-1991: Research Scientist,
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science (CIRES), University
of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Conducting research into the sources, nature, and
control of biological ice nucleants in frost protection on plants, Arctic
aerosols and Arctic climate and ice projects. Director, Special
Operations Group conducting research projects for the US Government in remotes
foreign locations.
1983-1984: Guest Editor, Geophysical
Research Letters, Arctic Haze Special Issue.
1982-1996: Director, Arctic Gas and
Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP). Conceived, organized, arranged funding for,
and directed the multi-$ million, multi-national AGASP program. At its peak
activity in March-April 1986 there were 5 aircraft and 185 personnel
representing 8 government agencies and 13 Universities from 6 countries
conducting coordinated Arctic Haze, ice and energy budget related measurements
around the Arctic Ocean including off Svalbard, the USSR Arctic, Canadian
Arctic Archipelago and off Alaska. Co-editor, Atmos. Environ., Special Issue,
DGASP/AGASP, 1992-93.
1991-1998: Director, Mauna Loa
Observatory (MLO), Hilo, Hawaii. Responsible for overall operations, staff,
budget, data collection and data quality for MLO. Instrumental in the
successful acquisition of a new main MLO building completed in 1997, five additional
research buildings funded from outside NOAA, and a new 18 mile paved road to
MLO with funds arranged through then Senator D. Inouye.
1998-2005: Director, Observatory and
Global Network Operations, NOAA/GML, Boulder, CO. Overall responsibility for
the operations, budgets, and personnel at the five GML Global Atmospheric
Monitoring Stations (Barrow, AK; Mauna Loa, Hawaii;
Samoa; Trinidad, Head, CA; and South Pole, Antarctica).
2005-2020: Deputy Director, NOAA
Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML), Boulder,
CO. GML monitors the Earth’s atmospheric composition related to climate
forcing, ozone, and surface radiation with 100+ personnel, 130 global sampling
sites, and an annual $20 M budget.
2020-date: Senior Scientist, Cooperative Institute for Environmental
Sciences (CIRES). Research on ozone, gas and oil field effluents, greenhouse
gases, atmospheric ice nuclei.
HONORS, AWARDS AND CERTIFICATIONS:
1962: Royal Canadian Air Cadet
Flight Training Scholarship (Pilot License).
1963: Royal Canadian Air Cadet
Exchange Scholarship to Israel, Guest of the Israeli Defense Forces (Air),
summer 1963.
1964: Royal Lifesaving
Society, Gold Medallion
1965-1966: Canadian Union of Student
Exchange Scholarship to Memorial University, Newfoundland.
1968-1969: Rotary International
Fellow, University of Wales, Swansea.
1969: British Union of Students
Exchange with Russia- one month in Russia.
1971: Canadian Student Representative, Williamsburg
International Assembly Williamsburg, Virginia, guest of the Rockefeller
Foundation.
1972: Sigma Tau (Engineering
Honorary)
1976-1979: Member, National
Academy of Sciences Committee on Aerobiology
1981-89: US Representative on
US-USSR Working Group 8; many trips to Russia.
1981: Certified Consulting Meteorologist Accreditation
(American Meteorological Society Certification)
1983: Invited guest to China (one
month, China supported) as a visitor and lecturer on
atmospheric measurements that led to many programs with China.
1985: Elected Fellow of CIRES,
University of Colorado
1995: Selected, Marquis Who’s Who in
the World
2002: NOAA Administrator’s Award for revitalizing Mauna Loa
Observatory facilities and operations.
2007: Member of the IPCC that was awarded the 2007 Nobel
Peace Prize along with Al Gore.
2008: United States Department of
Commerce Silver Medal.
2010: NOAA Distinguished Career
Award.
2011: NOAA OAR Outstanding Science
Communicator Award (1 awarded per year).
2014: Colorado Governor’s Award for High-Impact
Research -Atmospheric Impacts of Rapidly Expanding Oil & Gas Development
across the West.
2015: Honorary Doctor of
Science, University of Alberta, Canada
1980-Present: Invited speaker and lecturer
by various governments and agencies in numerous countries including Russia,
China, India, Azerbaijan, Nepal, Mexico, Ecuador, Iceland, Norway, Denmark,
Germany, France, Taiwan, South Africa, Kenya, Switzerland, UK, Japan, Mongolia,
Canada, Korea, Iran, Italy and Austria.
CONSULTANCIES or Large Project
Proposal Award Panels:
1978-1981: United Nations, World
Meteorological Organization, Geneva.
1978-1979: Shell Development
Company, Modesto, California.
1981: Universal High Technologies, Yonkers,
New York.
1982-1983: University Patents
Incorporated, Norwalk, Connecticut.
1983-1984: Frost Technology
Corporation, Norwalk, Connecticut.
1988: Eastman Kodak, Rochester, New
York
1989: Global Marine Drilling Co.,
Houston
1990-1991: Holm, Roberts and Owens,
Law Practice, Denver, CO
1991: Review Panel, Battelle
Northwest Labs, Richland, WA
2012: Review Panel, Swedish
Research Council, Stockholm, Sweden
2013- 2016: Funding Review
Panel, National Research Council of Canada, Toronto, Canada
2016-date: Member, Alberta
Environment and Parks, EMSD, Scientific Advisory Panel
2019- date: Collaboratory to Advance
Methane Science, Scientific Advisory Board, Houston, TX
2020-date: Atmospheric Science
consultant, Scientific Aviation, Boulder, CO.
2020-date, Advisory Panel, Colorado-Norway
Clean Energy Transition Research and Education Collaboration. Voting member.
INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS ORGANIZED:
First International Biological Ice
Nucleus Conference, Laramie, WY, May 1975 (9th held in 2010); Session on
Biological Ice Nuclei, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 1975; AGU Fall
Meeting, Session on AGASP/DGASP, 1990; Co-convener, Symposium on the
Tropospheric Chemistry of the Antarctic Region, Boulder, CO, 1991; Mauna Loa
40th Anniversary Symposium, AGU, San Francisco, CA 1997; Organizing Committee,
Mount Waliguan, 10th Anniversary Symposium, Xining, China, August 2005;
Organizing Committee Mount Waliguan, 20th Anniversary Symposium, Xining, China,
September 2015; Organizing Committee,7th International Carbon Dioxide
Conference, Boulder, CO, September 2005; Organizer and Chairperson, NOAA Global
Monitoring Annual Conferences, 1998 through 2019.
Major Committees: National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Aerobiology,
1976-79; Environmental Protection Agency Panel drafting the EPA document
"The Potential Atmospheric Impact of Chemicals Released to the
Environment, 1979; NOAA Aircraft Instrumentation Upgrade Committee, 1987-89;
Convener, IGAC Coordinating Committee, Polar Atmospheric Chemistry, 1990-92;
NOAA Polar Committee, 2001 to date; NOAA Pacific Regional Board, 2007 to date.;
NOAA Polar Board, 1999-date and numerous
NOAA level committees.
PATENTS:
Reducing the Effect, in Plants, of
Ice-Promoting Nuclei Originating from Certain Bacteria - U.S. Patent No.
4,311,517. Protecting of Plants Against Frost Injury Using Ice
Nucleation-Inhibiting Species -- Specific Bacteriophages - U.S. Patent No.
4,375,734, Canadian Patent No. 1,270,255.
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES:
American Meteorological Society,
American Geophysical Union, Sigma Tau,
OTHER INTERESTS:
Travel (92 countries to date),
income real estate investing, public speaking, woodworking.
POSTDOCTORAL STUDENTS:
Name, Year, Publications,
Proceedings, Books
Wolfgang Raatz 1983-84 12 12
Howard Bridgman 1986-87
7 5 2
Pat Sheridan 1987-1989
10 9
Jon Kahl 1987-1989
10
9
Bill Sturges
1989-1991 7 4 1
Irina Sokolik 1991-1992 6
6
MAJOR FIELD PROGRAMS:
Among the more noteworthy field
projects are the Alberta Hail Studies (1964-69);National Hail Research
Experiment, Colorado (1973); METROMEX, St. Louis, Missouri (1971-72); Global
Ice Nuclei, Europe, USSR, Japan, Burma, Thailand, India and Iran (1971-72); Elk
Mountain Observatory Studies, Wyoming (1969-73); Director, Sahel Ice Nuclei
Studies, Niger, Dahomey, and Kenya (1974); Project DUSTORM (1975), Texas; USS
Hayes Fog Cruise, Grand Banks, (1975); Four Corners Power plant Plume Studies,
New Mexico (1975-76); Director, Mount Kenya Baseline Station Project, Kenya
(1976-78); WMO Project PEP, Spain, 1979; Johnstown and Homer City Power plant
Plume Studies, Pennsylvania (1980); HAMEC, Hawaii (1980); Director, Arctic Gas
and Aerosol Sampling Project, Arctic Basin, Greenland ,Norway and USSR (AGASP -
I, 1983); Director, WP-3D Component of WATOX, Western Atlantic (1986);
Director, AGASP - II, Western Arctic (1986); PRECP VI, Illinois (1988);
Director, Mt. Kenya Ice Nuclei, Kenya (1988); MISERS GOLD nuclear blast simulation,
New Mexico (1989); Army Lidar Validation Program, White Sands Missile Range, NM
(1989-90); Director, AGASP - III, Eastern Arctic, and Norway (1989); Director,
NOAA WP-3D Component, SJVAQS, Northern California (1990), Kuwait Oil Fire Study
(NCAR Electra,) Persian Gulf (May 1991); AGASP-IV/LEADEX, Alaska (April, 1992);
Bennett Island Project, Siberia, Russia (March-April, 1992); Russian Arctic
Research Aircraft Study, Cherskii, Siberia, April 1993; Mongolia Airborne
Carbon Cycle Profile program, 2004-2008; Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Study,
Winter 2012 and 2013; Front Range Air Pollution Study, Colorado, 2014; TOPDOWN
Gas and Oil Filed Emissions Study, New Mexico, 2014; US Mid-Continent
Methane Measurement Reconciliation Study, Arkansas, 2015; Alberta Oil Sands
Effluent Study, 2017-18.
Papers: Schnell
has ~ 200 publications, 9 of which are in Nature in four
different scientific fields. The first papers in the open literature on
biogenic ice nuclei were by Schnell and Vali in 1972 and 1973.
Below are publications for the past
5 years followed by papers arranged in five different scientific fields that
have been cited 10 times or more.
2020
Gabrielle Petron, Benjamin Miller,
Bruce Vaughn, Stefan Schwietzke, Steven Conley, Jeff Peischl, Ed Dlugokencky,
Jonathan Kofler, Eryka Thorley, Ingrid Mielke-Maday, Owen Sherwood, Brad Hall,
Patricia Lang, Eric Moglia, Colm Sweeney, Jeff Peischl, Pieter Tans, Tim
Newberger, Sonja Wolter, Clark King, Tim Coleman, Allen White, Michael Rhodes,
Brian Vanderwende and Russ Schnell, 2020, Investigating Large Methane Enhancements in the United
States San Juan Basin, Elementa., (Accepted, In Press).
Samuel J. Oltmans, Lucy C. Cheadle, Detlev Helmig,
Hélène Angot, Gabrielle Pétron,
Stephen A. Montzka, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Benjamin Miller, Bradley Hall, Russell C. Schnell, Jonathan Kofler, Sonja Wolter, Molly Crotwell,
Carolina Siso, Pieter Tans and Arlyn
Andrews, 2020, Atmospheric hydrocarbons show little change in SW Weld County,
CO from 2008-2016 despite increased production and emission controls, submitted
for review, Elementa.
2019
Yalda Vasebi, Marco E. Mechan
Llontop1, Regina Hanlon1, David G. Schmale III, Russell Schnell, Boris
A. Vinatzer (2019), Comprehensive characterization of an Aspen (Populus
tremuloides) leaf litter sample that maintained ice nucleation activity for
48 years.
Biogeosciences 16, 8, 1675-1683, 10.5194/bg-16-1675-2019
Mielke-Maday, I., Schwietzke, S.,
Thorley, E., Yacovitch, T., Herndon, S.,M., Conley, S., Kofler, J., Handley,
P., Miller, B., Hall, B., Dlugokencky, E., Lang, P., Wolter, S., Moglia,. E.,
Crotwell, M., Crotwell, A., Kitzis, D., Vaughn, T., Bell, C., Zimmerle, D., Schnell,
R.C., Petron, G. (2018), Methane Source Attribution in a U.S. Dry Gas Basin
Using Spatial Patterns of Ground and Airborne Ethane and Methane Measurements, Elem Sci Anth, 7, 1, 13, 10.1525/elementa.351
Oltmans, S., Cheadle, L C., Johnson,
B. J., Schnell, R.C., Helmig, D., Thompson, A.M., Cullis, P., Hall, E.,
Jordan, A., Sterling, C., McClure-Begley, A.M., Sullivan, J.T., McGee T.P.,
Wolfe, D. (2019), Boundary Layer Ozone in the Northern Colorado Front
Range in July-August 2014 during FRAPPE and DISCOVER-AQ from Vertical Profile
Measurements, Elem Sci Anth, 7: 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.345.
Šantl-Temkiv, Tina, Branko
Sikoparija, Teruya Maki, Federico Carotenuto, Pierre Amato, Maosheng Yao, Cindy
E. Morris, Russ Schnell, Ruprecht Jaenicke, Christopher Pöhlker, Paul J.
DeMott, Thomas C. J. Hill and J. Alex Huffman, (2019), Bioaerosol field measurements: Challenges and
perspectives in outdoor studies,
Aerosol Science and Technology, 1-27, 10.1080/02786826.2019.1676395
2018
Vaughn,
T.L., Bell, C. S., Pickering, C. K., Schwietzke, S., Heath, G.A.,
Pétron, G., . Zimmerle, D.J., Schnell, R.C., and
Nummedal, D., (2018), Temporal variability largely explains top-down/bottom-up
difference in methane emission estimates from a natural gas production region. Proceeding
National Academy of Sciences, November 13, 2018 115 (46) 11712-11717.
Schwietzke, S., Harrison, M.,
Lauderdale, T., Branson, K., Conley,S., George, F. C., Jordan, D.,
Jersey,G., Zhang, C., Mairs, H., Pétron G., &. Schnell, R.C.
(2018), Aerially guided leak detection and repair: A pilot field study for
evaluating the potential of methane emission detection and cost-effectiveness, JAWMA,
do:10.1080/10962247.2018.1515123.
Creamean, J. M., Kirpes, R. M.,
Pratt, K. A., Spada, N. J., Maahn, M., de Boer, G., Schnell, R. C., and
China, S. (2018), Marine and terrestrial influences on ice nucleating particles
during continuous springtime measurements in an Arctic oilfield location, Atmos.
Chem. Phys. Discussions, doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-545.
Creamean, Jessie M., Katherine M.
Primm, Margaret A. Tolbert, Emrys G. Hall, Jim Wendell, Allen
Jordan, Patrick J. Sheridan, Jedediah Smith and Russell C.
Schnell, (2018), HOVERCAT: A novel aerial system for evaluation of
aerosol-cloud interactions, Atmospheric
Measurement Techniques Discussions, 1-28, 10.5194/amt-2018-47.
Bian, Lingen, Lei Ye, Minghu Ding,
Zhiqiu Gao, Xiangdong Zheng and Russell C. Schnell, (2018), Surface Ozone Monitoring and Background Concentration at
Zhongshan Station, Antarctica,
Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 08, 01, 1-14, 10.4236/acs.2018.81001 .
2017
Smith, Mackenzie L., Alexander Gvakharia, Eric A. Kort, Colm
Sweeney, Stephen A. Conley, Ian Faloona, Tim Newberger,
Russell Schnell, Stefan Schwietzke and Sonja Wolter, (2017), Airborne
Quantification of Methane Emissions over the Four Corners Region, Environmental Science & Technology, 51, 10,
5832-5837, 10.1021/acs.est.6b06107
Schwietzke, Stefan, Gabrielle
Pétron, Stephen Conley, Cody Pickering, Ingrid Mielke-Maday, Edward J.
Dlugokencky, Pieter P. Tans, Tim Vaughn, Clay Bell, Daniel Zimmerle, Sonja
Wolter, Clark W. King, Allen B. White, Timothy Coleman, Laura Bianco and Russell
C. Schnell, (2017), Improved Mechanistic Understanding of Natural Gas Methane
Emissions from Spatially Resolved Aircraft Measurements, Environmental Science & Technology, 51, 12,
7286-7294, 10.1021/acs.est.7b01810 .
Huang, Guanyu, Xiong Liu, Kelly
Chance, Kai Yang, Pawan K. Bhartia, Zhaonan Cai, Marc Allaart, Gérard Ancellet,
Bertrand Calpini, Gerrie J. R. Coetzee, Emilio Cuevas-Agulló, Manuel Cupeiro,
Hugo De Backer, Manvendra K. Dubey, Henry E. Fuelberg, Masatomo Fujiwara,
Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Tristan J. Hall, Bryan Johnson, Everette Joseph,
Rigel Kivi, Bogumil Kois, Ninong Komala, Gert König-Langlo, Giovanni Laneve,
Thierry Leblanc, Marion Marchand, Kenneth R. Minschwaner, Gary Morris, Michael
J. Newchurch, Shin-Ya Ogino, Nozomu Ohkawara, Ankie J. M. Piters, Françoise
Posny, Richard Querel, Rinus Scheele, Frank J. Schmidlin, Russell C. Schnell,
Otto Schrems, Henry Selkirk, Masato Shiotani, Pavla Skrivánková, René Stübi,
Ghassan Taha, David W. Tarasick, Anne M. Thompson, Valérie Thouret, Matthew B.
Tully, Roeland Van Malderen, Holger Vömel, Peter von der Gathen, Jacquelyn C.
Witte and Margarita Yela, (2017), Validation
of 10-year SAO OMI Ozone Profile (PROFOZ) product using ozonesonde observations, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 10, 7,
2455-2475, 10.5194/amt-10-2455-2017.
Cullis, Patrick, Chance
Sterling, Emrys Hall, Allen Jordan, Bryan Johnson and Russell
Schnell, (2017), Pop Goes the Balloon!: What Happens when a Weather Balloon
Reaches 30,000 m asl?, Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 98, 2, 216-217, 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0094.1.
Conley, Stephen, Ian Faloona,
Shobhit Mehrotra, Maxime Suard, Donald H. Lenschow, Colm Sweeney, Scott
Herndon, Stefan Schwietzke, Gabrielle Pétron, Justin Pifer, Eric
A. Kort and Russell Schnell, (2017), Application
of Gauss's theorem to quantify localized surface emissions from airborne
measurements of wind and trace gases,
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 10, 9, 3345-3358,
10.5194/amt-10-3345-2017.
Cheadle, L. C., S. J. Oltmans,
G. Petron, R. C. Schnell, E. J. Mattson, S. C. Herndon, A. M.
Thompson, D. R. Blake and A. McClure-Begley, (2017), Surface ozone in the Colorado northern Front Range and the
influence of oil and gas development during FRAPPE/DISCOVER-AQ in summer 2014, Elem Sci Anth, 5, 61, 10.1525/elementa.254
2016.
Schnell, Russell C.,
Bryan J. Johnson, Samuel J. Oltmans, Patrick Cullis, Chance
Sterling, Emrys Hall, Allen Jordan, Detlev Helmig, Gabrielle
Petron, Ravan Ahmadov, James Wendell, Robert Albee,
Patrick Boylan, Chelsea R. Thompson, Jason Evans, Jacques Hueber, Abigale J.
Curtis and Jeong-Hoo Park, (2016), Quantifying
wintertime boundary layer ozone production from frequent profile measurements
in the Uinta Basin, UT, oil and gas region,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 10.1002/2016JD025130.
Oltmans, S. J., A. Karion,
R. C. Schnell, G. Pétron, D. Helmig, S. A. Montzka, S.
Wolter, D. Neff, B. R. Miller, J. Hueber, S. Conley, B. J.
Johnson and C. Sweeney, (2016), O3, CH4, CO2, CO, NO2 and NMHC aircraft measurements in the
Uinta Basin oil and gas region under low and high ozone conditions in winter
2012 and 2013, Elementa: Science of the
Anthropocene, 4, 000132, 10.12952/journal.elementa.000132.
Bian, Lingen, Zhiqiu Gao, Yulong
Sun, Minghu Ding, Jie Tang and Russell C. Schnell, (2016), CH4 Monitoring and Background Concentration at Zhongshan
Station, Antarctica, Atmospheric and Climate
Sciences, 06, 01, 135-144, 10.4236/acs.2016.61012
PRIOR PUBLICATIONS:
Arranged by Field/Themes along with
Citations.
Papers with less than 10 Science
Citations are not categorized and are listed after the
Climate
Forcing, Climate and Related Topics
theme category..
Citations are from Google
Scholar in summer 2018.
1. Biogenic Ice Nuclei. Russ
Schnell discovered three very different classes of biogenic ice nuclei, one
produced by a few species of live bacteria on land, a second from decayed plant
litter and a third produced by marine phytoplankton. Schnell’s first 2 papers
on biogenic ice nuclei, as a M.Sc. student, were both in Nature. These
discoveries in established a new field that continues to grow rapidly.
Mendeley/Elsevier list 2583 refereed papers that mention studies on
biogenic ice nuclei.
Biological
ice nuclei have been shown to be the best and most widespread atmospheric
nuclei that initiate the ice phase (i.e. precipitation) in clouds. In the
absence of active ice nuclei clouds can supercool to temperature colder than
-25oC without precipitating. Active, living biogenic ice nuclei have
even been observed in the Antarctic atmosphere as well as around the Arctic
Ocean.
The few species of living bacteria that produce the most active natural
ice nuclei also initiate frost damage in plants. By controlling the presence of
these bacteria some commercial crops can be protected from frost to
temperatures down to -4OC.
A current focus on biogenic ice nuclei is their role in Arctic clouds in
an effort to understand why climate and radiation balance models in the Arctic
do not agree with observations. This discrepancy may be related to the presence
of ice crystals forming in the lower portions of Arctic stratus clouds at low
supercooling temperatures. As very active biogenic ice nuclei have been
measured in areas of high primary productivity in the Arctic, these biogenic
ice nuclei may be a key to the anomalous ice formation.
There are two large scale
commercial applications stemming from biologic ice nuclei: SNOWMAX used in ski
hill snowmaking around the world, and a variety of products to prevent frost
damage in commercial food crops by turning off the ice gene in ice forming
bacteria living on plants.
Biogenic ice nuclei are also used to help preserve human transplant organs
during storage by inducing gentle ice formation in the organs at temperatures
just below freezing.
Papers
covering the discovery of stable biogenic ice nuclei in decayed plant litters
(leaf derived nuclei, LDN), in some species of living bacteria (bacteria
derived nuclei, BDN) and from marine phytoplankton (ocean derived nuclei, ODN)
.
Schnell, R.C. and G. Vali, Ice nuclei from decomposing vegetation. Nature,
236, 163-164, 1972. Science Citations = 233
Nature, News and Views, “Cloud seeding developments,” Editorial
comments on the above paper. Nature, 236, 139-140, 1972.
Schnell, R.C. and G. Vali, World-wide source of leaf derived freezing
nuclei. Nature, 236, 212-213, 1973. Science Citations = 100
Schnell, R.C. and G. Vali, Biogenic ice nuclei, Part I: Terrestrial and
marine sources. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1554-1564, 1976. Science Citations =
242
Vali, G., M. Christensen, R.W.
Fresh, E.L. Galyan, L.R. Maki, and R.C. Schnell, Biogenic ice nuclei
Part II, Bacterial sources. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1565-1570, 1976. Science
Citations = 219
“Microbial antifreeze: Gene Splicing
Takes to the Field”, Science News of the Week, Editorial using some material
from the above paper, Science News, 120, 132, 1983.
Schnell, R.C., Ice nuclei in seawater, fog water and marine air off the
coast of Nova Scotia: Summer, 1975, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1299-1305, 1977.
Science Citations = 52
Schnell, R.C. and S.N. Tan-Schnell, Kenyan Tea Litter: A source of ice
nuclei, Tellus, 34, 92-95, 1982. Science Citations = 33
Schnell, R.C., Bacteria acting as natural ice nucleants at temperatures
approaching -1°C. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 57, 11, 1356-1357, 1976.
Science Citations = 26
Fall, R.R. and R.C. Schnell,
Association of an ice-nucleating Pseudomonad with cultures of the marine
dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa niei, J. Marine Res., 43, 257-265, 1985.
Science Citations = 34
Schnell, R.C. and G. Vali, Freezing nuclei in marine waters. Tellus,
27, 321, 1975. Science Citations = 39
Schnell, R.C., Ice nuclei produced by laboratory cultured marine
phytoplankton
Geophysical Research
Letters, 2, 11, 500-502, 1975. Science Citations = 22
Protection of plants against frost injury using ice
nucleation-inhibiting species-specific bacteriophages, L.M. Kozloff, R.C. Schnell - US Patent 4,375,734,
1983. Science Citations = 23
2. Ozone Chemistry and Oil and Gas
Field Effluents. Schnell is an author on 3 pivotal ozone papers in Nature:
a highly cited paper showing photochemical ozone destruction in the Arctic; the
first scientific publication showing decreasing ozone at the surface in
Antarctica; and the first paper showing and explaining wintertime, cold
temperature, fast photochemical ozone production in a rural natural gas field. (Science
Citations 10).
Oltmans,
S. J., L. C. Cheadle, B. J.
Johnson, R. C. Schnell, D. Helmig, A. M. Thompson, P. Cullis, E. Hall, A. Jordan,
C. Sterling, A. McClure-Begley, J. T. Sullivan, T.
J. McGee and D. Wolfe, (2019), Boundary layer ozone in the Northern Colorado
Front Range in July–August 2014 during FRAPPE and DISCOVER-AQ from vertical
profile measurements, Elem
Sci Anth, 7, 1, 6, 10.1525/elementa.345
Mielke-Maday,
Ingrid, Stefan Schwietzke, Tara Yacovitch, Benjamin Miller, Steve Conley, Jonathan Kofler, Philip
Handley, Eryka Thorley,
Scott C. Herndon, Bradley Hall, Ed Dlugokencky, Patricia Lang, Sonja Wolter, Eric Moglia,
Molly Crotwell, Andrew Crotwell, Michael Rhodes, Duane Kitzis, Timothy Vaughn, Clay
Bell, Dan Zimmerle, Russ Schnell and Gabrielle Pétron, (2019), Methane source attribution in a U.S. dry gas
basin using spatial patterns of ground and airborne ethane and methane
measurements, Elem Sci Anth, 7, 1, 13,
10.1525/elementa.351, 2018. (Science
Citations 25).
Vaughn, Timothy L., Clay S. Bell,
Cody K. Pickering, Stefan Schwietzke, Garvin A. Heath, Gabrielle
Pétron, Daniel J. Zimmerle, Russell C. Schnell and Dag Nummedal,
(2018), Temporal variability largely explains
top-down/bottom-up difference in methane emission estimates from a natural gas
production region, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 115, 46, 11712-11717, 10.1073/pnas.1805687115 (Science Citations 45).
Schwietzke, Stefan, Matthew Harrison, Terri Lauderdale, Ken Branson, Stephen
Conley, Fiji C. George, Doug Jordan, Gilbert R. Jersey, Changyong Zhang, Heide
L. Mairs, Gabrielle Pétron and Russell C. Schnell, (2018), Aerially guided leak detection and repair: A
pilot field study for evaluating the potential of methane emission detection
and cost-effectiveness, Journal
of the Air & Waste Management Association, 69, 1, 71-88,
10.1080/10962247.2018.1515123
Barrie, L.A., J.W. Bottenheim, R.C.
Schnell, P.J. Crutzen and R.A. Rasmussen, Ozone destruction and
photochemical reactions at Polar sunrise in the lower Arctic atmosphere, Nature,
334, 1, 138-140, 1988. Science Citations = 1047
Schnell, R.C., S. Liu, S. Oltmans, R. Stone, D. Hofmann, E. Dutton, W.
Sturges, T. Deschler, J. Harder, S. Sewell, M. Trainer, and J. Harris, Decrease
of summer tropospheric ozone concentrations in Antarctica, Nature, 351,
726-729, 1991. Science Citations = 91
“New ozone hole phenomenon,” Nature
editorial comments, Nature, 352, 282-283, 1991
Schnell, R.C., S.J. Oltmans, R.R. Neely, M.S. Endres, J.V. Molenar and
A.B. White, Rapid Photochemical production of Ozone at High Concentrations in a
Rural Site during Winter, Nature Geoscience, 2, 120-122, 2009. Science
Citations = 144
“Wyoming Winter Smog”, Nature
Geoscience, News and Views, Editorial comments on above paper, Nature
Geoscience, 2, 88-90, 2009.
Nature Geoscience, Back Page, “Cold Case”, Story on above paper, 2, 152,
2009.
Nature Geoscience, Cover Photo of an natural gas drilling operations relating
to the publication, 2, 79, 2009.
Oltmans, S.J., R.C. Schnell,
P.J. Sheridan R.E. Peterson S.-M. Li J.W. Winchester, P.P. Tans W.T. Sturges
J.D. Kahl L.A. Barrie, Seasonal surface ozone and filterable bromine
relationship in the high Arctic Atmospheric Environment, 23, 11, Pages
2431-2441, 1067, 1989. Science Citations = 127
Sturges, W.T., C.W. Sullivan, R.C.
Schnell, L.E. Heidt, and W.H. Pollock, Bromoalkane production by Antarctic
ice algae, Tellus, 45B, 120-126, 1993. Science Citations = 79
Karion, Anna, Colm Sweeney,
Gabrielle Pétron, Gregory Frost, R. Michael Hardesty, Jonathan Kofler, Ben R.
Miller, Tim Newberger, Sonja Wolter, Robert Banta, Alan Brewer, Ed Dlugokencky,
Patricia Lang, Stephen A. Montzka, Russell Schnell, Pieter Tans, Michael
Trainer, Robert Zamora and Stephen Conley, (2013), Methane
emissions estimate from airborne measurements over a western United States
natural gas field, Geophysical Research Letters,
40, 16, 4393-4397, 10.1002/grl.50811. Science Citations=295
Petron, Gabrielle; Karion, Anna;
Sweeney, Colm; … Schnell, Russell …et al., A new look at methane and non-methane hydrocarbon emissions
from oil and natural gas operations in the Colorado Denver-Julesburg
Basin, J.G.R, Atmos., 119, 11,
6836-6852 June 16, 2014. Science Citations = 147
Ahmadov,
R; McKeen,
S; Trainer,
M, …Schnell, R et al.,
Understanding high wintertime ozone pollution events in an oil- and natural
gas-producing region of the western US, Atmos. Chem. and Phys.,15,1,411-429,
2014, DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-411-2015. Science Citations = 58.
McPeters, R.D., D.J.Hofmann, M
Clark, L. Flynn, L. Froidevaux, M. Gross, B. Johnson, G. Koenig, X. Liu, S.
McDermid, T. McGee,F. Murcray, M. J. Newchurch, S. Oltmans, A. Parrish, R.
Schnell, U. Singh, J. J. Tsou, T. Walsh and J. M. Zawodny, Results from the
1995 Stratospheric Ozone Profile Intercomparison at Mauna Loa (MLO3), J.G.R.
(Atmospheres),104, D23, 30,505-30,514,1999. Citations =36.
Bodhaine, B.A., D.J. Hofmann, E.G.
Dutton, R.C. Schnell, J.E. Barnes, S.C. Ryan, R.L. McKenzie, P.V.
Johnson, and M. Kotcamp, New Ultraviolet spectroradiometer measurements at
Mauna Loa Observatory, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, pp 2121-2124, 1996.
Science Citations = 23
Hofmann, D.J. S.J. Oltmans, G.L.
Koenig, B.A. Bodhaine, J.M. Harris, J.A. Lathrop, R.C. Schnell, J.
Barnes, J. Chin, D. Kuniyuki, S. Ryan, R. Uchida, A. Yoshinaga, P.J. Neale,
D.R. Hayes, Jr., V.R. Goodrich, W.D. Komhyr, R.D. Evans, B.J. Johnson, D.M.
Quincy, and M. Clark, Record Low Ozone and Elevated UV Radiation over the
Hawaiian Islands During the Winter of 1994-95, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
23,1533-1536, 1996. Science Citations = 27
Sturges, W.T., R.C. Schnell, G.S.
Dutton, S.R. Garcia, and J.A. Lind, Spring Measurements of tropospheric bromine
at Barrow, Alaska, GRL, 20, pp 201-224, 1993. Science Citations = 22
Sheridan, P.J., R.C. Schnell,
W.H. Zoller, N.D. Carlson, R.A. Rasmussen, J.M. Harris, and H. Sievering,
Composition of Br- containing aerosols and gases related to boundary layer
ozone destruction in the Arctic, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 2839-2849, 1993.
Science Citations = 16
Sturges, W.T., R.C. Schnell, S.
Landsberger, and J.M. Harris, Chemical and meteorological influences on surface
ozone destruction at Barrow, Alaska during spring 1989, Atmos. Environ.,
27A, 2851-2863, 1993. Science Citations =35
Sturges, W.T., R.C. Schnell,
G.S. Dutton, S.R. Garcia, and J.A. Lind, Spring Measurements of tropospheric
bromine at Barrow, Alaska, GRL, 20, pp 201-224, 1993. Science
Citations = 21
Li, S.M. J.W. Winchester, J.D. Kahl,
S.J. Oltmans, R.C. Schnell and P.J. Sheridan, Arctic boundary layer
ozone variations associated with nitrate, bromine, and meteorology: A case
study. J.G.R., 95, 433 - 40, 1990. Science Citations = 16
Oltmans, S.,
Schnell, R., Johnson, B., Pétron, G., Mefford, T, Neely III, R. 2014
Anatomy of wintertime ozone production associated with oil and gas extraction
activity in Wyoming and Utah, Elementa, 2,
doi:10.12952/Elementa.000024. (Science Citations=38). Schwietzke, Stefan, Matthew Harrison, Terri
Lauderdale, Ken Branson, Stephen Conley, Fiji C. George, Doug Jordan, Gilbert
R. Jersey, Changyong Zhang, Heide L. Mairs, Gabrielle Pétron and Russell C. Schnell, (2018), Aerially
guided leak detection and repair: A pilot field study for evaluating the
potential of methane emission detection and cost-effectiveness, Journal of
the Air & Waste Management Association, 69, 1, 71-88,
10.1080/10962247.2018.1515123. (Science Citations =13) |
3. Arctic Haze. In 1982 Russ Schnell conceived, arranged funding for and
directed the Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP) up until 1992
showing that Arctic Haze was air pollution from Eurasia. In the spring 1986
program there were 6 major aircraft and as many ground based programs in the
Arctic studying the phenomenon.
Schnell, R.C., Arctic Haze and the Arctic gas and aerosol sampling program
(AGASP), Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 361-364, 1984. Science Citations = 127
“Implications of Arctic air
pollution”, Nature editorial on the above paper, Nature, 311, 299, 1984.
Bennett Island Plume, Soviet Arctic
Ocean.
“U.S.-Russian Team Solves Arctic
Mystery”, Editorial on a discovery that was not widely publicized for political
sensitivity reasons, Science, 257, 35, 1992.
“Mountain gives rise to perplexing
plumes”, Science News, 141, 422, 1992.
Schnell, R.C., R.G. Barry, M.W. Miles, E.L. Andreas, L.F. Radhe, C.A.
Brock, M.P. McCormick and J.L. Moore, LIDAR detection of leads in Arctic sea
ice. Nature, 239, pp. 530-532, 1989. Science Citations = 87
“Through the ice.” Nature This
Week, Editorial comments on the above paper, Nature, 239, 516, 1989.
Schnell, R.C. and W.E. Raatz, Vertical and horizontal characteristics of
Arctic haze during AGASP: Alaskan Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11,
369-372, 1984. Science Citations = 67
Raatz, W.E. and R.C. Schnell,
Aerosol distributions and an Arctic aerosol front during AGASP: Norwegian
Arctic, Geophys, Res. Lett., 11, 373-376, 1984. Science Citations = 32
Shapiro MA, Schnell RC,
Parungo FP, Oltmans SJ, Bodhaine BA, El Chichon Volcanic Debris in an Arctic
Tropopause Fold, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 5, 421-424,1984.
Science Citations = 49
Bodhaine, B.A., N.C. Ahlquist, and R.C.
Schnell, Three-wavelength nephelometer suitable for aircraft measurement of
background aerosol scattering extinction coefficient, Atmos. Environ.
25A, 2267-2276, 1991. Science Citations = 82
Bridgman, H.A., R.C. Schnell,
B.A. Bodhaine and S.J. Oltmans, Aerosol and ozone distributions over the western
North Atlantic during WATOX-86, WATOX Special Issue, Global Biogeochem.
Cycles, 2, 23-39, 1988. Science Citations = 18
Stone,
RS; Herber…Schnell,
RC et al. A three dimensional
characterization of Arctic aerosols for airborne sun photometer observations,
2010 J.G.R-Atmos.,115 ,D13203 DOI: 10.1029/2009JD013605.
Science Citations= 48
Raatz, W.E., R.C. Schnell,
B.A. Bodhaine, S.J. Oltmans and R.H. Gammon, Air mass characteristics in the vicinity
of Barrow, Alaska 9-19 March, 1983. Atmos. Environ., 19, 2127-2134,
1985. Science Citations = 27
Raatz. W.E., R.C. Schnell,
M.A. Shapiro, S.J. Oltmans and B.A. Bodhaine, Intrusions of stratospheric air
into Alaska's troposphere, March 1983. Atmos. Environ., 19, 2153-2158,
1985. Science Citations =29
Sturges, W.T., J.F Hopper, L.A
Barrie, R.C Schnell, Stable lead isotope ratios in Alaskan arctic
aerosols, Atmospheric Environment, 27, Issues 17-18, Pages
2865-2871,1993. Science Citations = 50.
Herbert, G.A., R.C. Schnell,
H.A. Bridgman, B.A. Bodhaine, S.J. Oltmans and G.E. Shaw, Meteorology and haze
structure during AGASP-II. Part I: Alaskan Arctic flights 2-10 April, 1986, J.
Atmos. Chem., 9, 17-18. Arctic Haze Issue, 1989. Science Citations = 42.
Schnell, R.C., T.B. Watson and B.A. Bodhaine, NOAA WP-3D instrumentation
and flight operations on AGASP-II, J. Atmos. Chem., 9, 3-16 Arctic Haze
Issue, 1989. Science Citations = 29
Raatz, W.E., R.C. Schnell,
B.A. Bodhaine and S.J. Oltmans, Observations of Arctic Haze during transpolar
flights from Alaska to Norway. Atmos. Environ., 19, 2143-2152, 1985.
Science Citations = 23
Raatz, W.E., R.C. Schnell and
B.A. Bodhaine, The distribution and transport of pollution aerosols over the
Norwegian Arctic, 31 March and 4 April 1983. Atmos. Environ., 19,
2135-2142, 1985. Science Citations = 23
Parungo, F., C. Nagamoto, P.J.
Sheridan and R.C. Schnell, Aerosol Characteristics of Arctic Haze
sampled during AGASP-II. Atmos. Environment, 24A, 937-949, 1990. Science
Citations =29
Stone, R.S., A Herber, V Vitale, M
Mazzola, A Lupi, RC Schnell, EG Dutton, ... A three‐dimensional characterization of Arctic aerosols from
airborne Sun photometer observations: PAM‐ARCMIP, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 115 (D13)
April 2009,
2010. Science Citations = 50
Kahl, Jonathan D.W., N.A. Zaitseva,
A. Timerev, V. Khattatov, A. Nagurnyi, R.C. Schnell, D.M. Bacon, V. Radionov,
and M.C. Serreze, An Archive of Radiosonde Observations from the Former-Soviet
North Pole Series of Drifting Ice Stations, 1954-1990, Bull. of the Amer.
Meteor. Soc., 80, pp.2019-2026. 1999. Science Citations = 17
Hansen, A.B.A., A.V. Polissar, and
R.C. Schnell, Airborne Aerosol and Black Carbon Measurements over the East
Siberian Sea, Spring 1992, Atmospheric Research, 44, 153-165, 1997.
Science Citations = 13
Bridgman, H.A., R.C. Schnell,
G.A. Herbert, B.A. Bodhaine and S.J. Oltmans, Meteorology and haze structure
during AGASP-II. Part 2: Canadian Arctic flights, 13-16 April 1986, J.
Atmos. Chem., 9, 49-70. Arctic Haze Issue, 1989. Science Citations = 18
Bridgman, H.A., R.C. Schnell,
J.D. Kahl, G.A. Herbert and E. Joranger, A major haze event near Point Barrow,
Alaska: Analysis of probable source regions and transport pathways. Atmos.
Environment, 23, 2537-2550. Arctic Haze Issue, 1989. Science Citations =46
Radke, L.F., C.A. Brock, J.H. Lyons,
P.V. Hobbs and R.C. Schnell, Aerosol and lidar measurements of hazes in
midlatitude and polar airmasses, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2417-2430, 1989.
Science Citations =30
Winchester J.W., S.M. Li, S.M. Fan, R.C.
Schnell, B.A. Bodhaine and S.S. Naegele, Coarse particle soil dust in
Arctic aerosols, spring 1983, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 995-998, 1984.
Science Citations = 21
Winchester, J.W., R.C. Schnell,
S. Fan, S. Li, B.A. Bodhaine, P.S. Naegele, A.D.A. Hansen and H. Rosen,
Particulate sulphur and chlorine in Arctic aerosol, spring 1983. Atmos.
Environ., 19, 2167-2194, 1985. Science Citations = 21
Li, S.M. J.W. Winchester, J.D. Kahl,
S.J. Oltmans, R.C. Schnell and P.J. Sheridan, Arctic boundary layer
ozone variations associated with nitrate, bromine, and meteorology: A case
study. J.G.R., 95, 433 - 40, 1990. Science Citations = 16
Raatz, WE, Schnell RC,
Bodhaine BA, Oltmans SJ, Gammon RH, Air-mass characteristics in the vicinity of
Barrow, Alaska, 9-19 MARCH 1983, Atmos. Envir., 19, 12, 2127-2134,
1985. Science Citations =27
Davidson, C.I. and R.C. Schnell,
Introduction: the special issue of Atmospheric Environment, 27A, No. 17
& 18, pp 2695-2699, 1993. Science Citations = 17.
Schnell RC, Watson TB,
Bodhaine BA, NOAA WP-3D Instrumentation and Flight Operations on
AGASP-II, J. A C., 9, 1-3, 3-16, 1989, Science Citations = 23
Schnell, R.C., Arctic Haze: Editorial, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11,
359, 1984. Science Citations =114
Schnell, R.C., E Joranger, B.
Ottar and W.E. Raatz, 11,5, Issue No. 5
Geophys. Res. Lett, 359, 1984. Science Citations = 10
Boatman, J.F., Wellman, D.L., R.C.
Schnell, K.M. Busness, M. Luria and C.V. Valin, In-flight intercomparisons of
some aircraft meteorological and chemical measurement techniques, WATOX Special
Issue, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2, 1-11, 1988. Science
Citations = 22
Barry, R.G., M.W. Miles, R.C.
Ciaflones, G. Scharfen and R.C. Schnell, Characteristics of arctic sea ice from
remote sensing data and their relationship to atmospheric processes, Annals
Glaciology, 12, 9-15, 1989. Science Citations = 32
Andreas, E.L., M.W. Miles, R.C.
Schnell and R.G. Barry, Lidar-derived particle concentration in plumes from
Arctic leads. Annals. Glaciology, 14, 9-12, 1990. Science Citations = 18
Parungo, F. C. Nagamoto, G. Herbert,
J. Harris, R. Schnell, P. Sheridan, ... Individual particle analyses of arctic aerosol
samples collected during AGASP-III,
Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 27 (17-18), 2825-2837, 1993.
4. Aerosols, Black Carbon, Kuwait
Oil Fires and Long Range Aerosol Transport
Hansen, A.D., B.A. Bodhaine, E.G.
Dutton, and R.C. Schnell, Aerosol black carbon measurements at the South
Pole: Initial results, 1986-1987. G.R.L., 15, pp. 1193-1196, 1988.
Science Citations = 131
Perry, K.D., T.A. Cahill, R.C.
Schnell, and J.M. Harris, Long-range Transport of Anthropogenic Aerosols to
the NOAA Baseline Station at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, J.G.R.
(Atmospheres),104, D15, 18,521-18,533, 1999. Science Citations =141
Parungo, F., B. Kopelwicz, C.
Nagamoto, R.C. Schnell, P. Sheridan, C. Zhu, J. Harris, B.B. Hicks, and
J.M. Miller, Aerosol Particles in the Kuwait Oil-Fire Plumes: Their Morphology,
Size Distribution, Chemical Composition, Transport, and Potential Effect on
Climate, J. Geophys. Res., 97, pp 15,867-882, 1992. Science Citations =
64
Bodhaine, B.A., N.C. Ahlquist, and R.C.
Schnell, Three-wavelength nephelometer suitable for aircraft measurement of
background aerosol scattering extinction coefficient, Atmos. Environ.
25A, 2267-2276, 1991. Science Citation = 82
Sheridan, P.J., R.C. Schnell,
D.J. Hofmann, and T. Deshler, Electron microscope studies of Mt. Pinatubo
aerosol layers over Laramie, Wyoming during summer 1991, GRL, 19,
203-206, 1992. Science Citations = 73
Sturges, W.T., J.F. Hooper, L.A.
Barrie, and R.C. Schnell, Stable lead isotope ratios in Alaskan Arctic
aerosols. Atmos. Environ., 27A, 2865-2837, 1993. Science Citations = 49
Cahill, T.A., K. Wilkinson, and R.C.
Schnell, Compositional analyses of size-resolved aerosol samples taken from
aircraft downwind of Kuwait, Spring 1991, GRL, 97, pp 14,513-520, 1992.
Science Citations = 36.
Sheridan, P.J., R.C. Schnell,
D.J. Hofmann, J.M. Harris, and T. Deshler, Electron microscope studies of
aerosol layers with likely Kuwaiti origins over Laramie, Wyoming during spring
1991, GRL, 14, 389-392, 1992. Science Citations = 22
Schnell, R.C. and A.C. Delaney, Airborne ice nuclei near an active
volcano. Nature, 246, 535-536, 1976. Science Citations =20
Schnell, R.C., R.F. Pueschel
and D.L. Wellman, Ice nucleus characteristics of Mount St. Helens
effluents, JGR, 87, C13, 11109-11112,
1982. Science Citations =14
Rosen, J., B.A. Bodhaine, J.F.
Boatman, J.J. DeLuisi, Y. Kim, R.C. Schnell, M.J. Post, P.J. Sheridan,
and D. Garvey, Measured and calculated optical property profiles in the mixed
layer and free troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12,837-849, 1992.
Science Citations = 20
Schnell, R.C., C.C. Van Valen and R.F. Pueschel, Atmospheric ice nuclei:
No detectable effect from a coal-fired power plant plume. Geophys. Res.
Lett., 3, 657-660, 1976. Science Citations = 13
Sheridan, P.J., R.C. Schnell,
J.D. Kahl, J.F. Boatman, and D.M. Garvey, Microanalysis of the aerosol
collected over south-central New Mexico during the ALIVE field experiment,
May-December, 1989, Atmos. Environ., 27A, pp 1169-1183, 1993. Science
Citations = 41
Sheridan, P.J., R.C. Schnell,
J.D. Kahl, J.F. Boatman, and D.W. Garvey, Analytical electron microscope
analysis of aerosol sampled over White Sands Missile Range, N.M., 1989, Atmos.
Environ., 27A, pp 1169-1183, 1993. Science Citations = 23
Gunter, R.L., A.D.A. Hansen, R.C.
Schnell, J.F. Boatman, B.A. Bodhaine, and D.M. Garvey, Airborne
measurements of aerosol optical properties over south-central New Mexico, Atmos.
Environ., 27A, pp 1363-1368, 1993. Science Citations =17
Kahl, J.D., P.J. Sheridan, R.C.
Schnell, B.P. Zak, H.M. Church, A. Mason, J.L. Heffter, and J.M. Harris,
Forecasting atmospheric debris transport in real-time using a trajectory model.
Atmos. Environ., 25A, 1705- 1713, 1991. Science citations = 10
5. Climate Forcing, Climate and
Related Topics
Kahl, J.D., D.J. Charlevoix, N.A.
Zaitseva, R.C. Schnell, and M.C. Serreze, Absence of evidence for
greenhouse warming over the Arctic Ocean in the past 40 years, Nature, 361,
335-337, 1993. Science Citations = 181
“The elusive Arctic warming,” Nature
editorial comments, News and Views on the above paper, Nature, 361,
300-301, 1993.
“Arctic shows no signs of greenhouse
warmth,” Science News, Editorial comments on the above paper, Science News,
143, 70, 1993.
Bell, G.D., M.S. Halpert, R.C.
Schnell, R.W. Higgins,J. Lawrimore, V.E. Kousky, R.Tinker, W. Thiaw, M.
Chelliah and A. Artusa, Climate assessment for 1997, Bull. Amer. Met Soc.,
79,5, 1014, 1998. Science Citations =573
Serreze, M.C., J.D. Kahl and R.C.
Schnell, Low-level temperature inversions of the Eurasian Arctic and
comparisons with Soviet drifting station data, J. of Climate, 5,
615-629, 1992. Science Citations =180
Kahl, J.D., M.C. Serreze, and R.C.
Schnell, Tropospheric low-level temperature inversions in the Canadian
Arctic, Atmospheric-Ocean, 30, 511-529, 1992. Science Citations = 68
Kahl, J.D., M.C. Serreze, S.
Shiotani, S.M. Skony, and R.C. Schnell, In-situ meteorological sounding
archives for Arctic Studies, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 73, 1824-1830, 1992.
Science Citations = 59
Bell, G.D., M.S. Halpert, C.F.
Ropelewski, V.E. Kousky, A.V. Douglas, R.C. Schnell, and M.E. Gelman,
Climate Assessment for 1998, Bull. of the Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 5,
S1-S48, May 1999. Science Citations = 51
Gerald D Bell,G. D., Michael S
Halpert, Russell C Schnell, R Wayne Higgins, Jay Lawrimore, Vernon E Kousky,
Richard Tinker, Wasila Thiaw, Muthuvel Chelliah, Anthony Artusa, Climate
Assessment for 1999, BAMS, 81,6, s1-50, 2000. Science Citations = 601
Bodhaine, B. A., R. L. McKenzie, P.
V. Johnston, D. J. Hofmann, E. G. Dutton, R. C. Schnell, J. E. Barnes,
S. C. Ryan, and M. Kotkamp (1996), New Ultraviolet Spectroradiometer
measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(16),
2121–2124, doi:10.1029/96GL01954. Science Citations =22
Kahl, J.D., M.C. Serreze, R.S.
Stone, S. Shiotani, M. Kisley and R.C. Schnell, Tropospheric temperature
trends in the Arctic: 1958-1986, JGR, 98, 12,825-838, 1993. Science
Citations = 47
Serreze M.C., J.A. Maslanik, M.C.
Rehder, R.C. Schnell, J.D. Kahl, and E.L. Andreas. Theoretical heights
of Buoyant convection above open leads in the winter arctic pack ice cover,
J. Geophys. Res., 97, pp 9411-9422, 1992. Science Citations =45
Waple, A.M., J.H. Lawrimore, M.S.
Halpert, G.D. Bell, W Higgins, B. Lyon, M.J. Menne, K.L. Gleason, R.C.
Schnell, J.R. Christy, W. Thiaw, W.J. Wright, M.J. Salinger, L. Alexander,
R.S. Stone and S.J. Camargo, Climate Assessment for 2001, Bull. Amer. Met.
Soc., 83, 6, June 2002, S1-S62. Science Citations
Waple, A.M. and J.H. Lawrimore
(Eds.), State of the Climate in 2002, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 84, 2003,
pp 68, (R.C. Schnell, Chapter: Trends In Trace Gases). Science Citations
= 33
Larimore, J., M.S. Halpert, G.D.
Bell, M.J. Menne, B.Lyon, R.C. Schnell, K.L. Gleason, D.R. Easterling,
W.Thiaw, W.J. Wright, R.R. Heim, D.A. Robinson and L. Alexander, Climate
Assessment for 2000, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 82, 6, S1-S55, June 2001.
Science Citations = 42
Schnell, R.C., C.C. Van Valen and R.F. Pueschel, Atmospheric ice nuclei:
No detectable effect from a coal-fired power plant plume. Geophys. Res.
Lett., 3, 657-660, 1976. Science Citations =10
Schnell, R.C., S.A. Odh and L.N. Njau, Carbon dioxide measurements in
tropical East Africa biomes. J. Geophys. Res., 86, pp. 5362-5372, 1981.
Science Citations = 14
Ou-Yang,
CF ; Yen,
MC; Lin,
TH Wang,
JL; Schnell,
RC; Lang,
PM ; Chantara,
S ; Lin,
NH, Impact of equatorial and
continental airflow on primary greenhouse gases in the northern South China
Sea, E.R.L, 10,6, 2015, DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/6/065005
Science citations =11 Sun, Yulong; Bian, Lingen; Tang,
Jie; … Schnell, R. C. et al., CO2 Monitoring and Background Mole
Fraction at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica, Atmosphere, 5,3,686-698,
DOI: 10.3390/atmos5030686, 2014. Science citations =13 Bian, L.G., Gao, Z.Q.,
Sun, Y.L., Ding, M.H., Tang, J. and Schnell, R.C. (2016) CH4 Monitoring and
Background Concentration at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica. Atmospheric and
Climate Sciences, 6, 135-144 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2016.61012 Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng; Lin,
Neng-Huei; Lin, Chia-Ching; .. Schnell, RC…et al. Characteristics of atmospheric carbon monoxide at a
high-mountain background station in East Asia , Atmospheric Environment,89, 613-622 , doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.060 , Science citations =18 Lin, Neng-Huei; Tsay, Si-Chee;
Maring, Hal B.; Schnell, RC… et al., An overview of regional experiments on biomass burning
aerosols and related pollutants in Southeast Asia: From BASE-ASIA and the
Dongsha Experiment to 7-SEAS, Atmospheric
Environment,78, SI, 1-19, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.066 , 2013.
Science Citations = 102 Hansen, A.D.A., R.C.
Schnell, The Aethalometer, Magee Scientific Company, Berkeley,
California, USA, 1-209, 2005. Science Citations = 89 Hofmann, D. J., J.H. Butler, T.J.
Conway, E.J. Dlugokencky, J.W. Elkins, K. Masarie, S.A. Montzka, R.C.
Schnell, and P.P. Tans, Tracking Climate Forcing: The Annual Greenhouse
Gas Index, EOS, 87, 509-511, 14 Nov, 2006. Science Citations = 16 |
6. Papers and Conference Proceedings
Receiving Less Than 10 Science Citations
Creamean, J. J Ceniceros, …R.Schnell
(2018) From the ocean to the air: Biological processes
as a source of warm temperature ice nucleating particles in the Arctic, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2018.
Vaughn T.L., C Bell, S Schwietzke…R.Schnell
(2018), Comparing Top-down and Bottom-up Methane Emission
Estimates in a Natural Gas Production Region, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2018.
Andrews, E. PJ Sheridan, JA Ogren, RC
Schnell (2018) Overview and selected results from the NOAA
Federated Aerosol Network,
AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2018.
RC Schnell, BJ Johnson, P Cullis, G Mcconville (2018) Balloon-borne Ozonesonde Profile Measurements at
South Pole Station Show an Upward Trend,
AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2018
Johnson,B. RC Schnell,
P Cullis, CW Sterling (2018), Data Homogenization Results from Three NOAA
Long-term ECC Ozonesonde Records,
AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2018.
Understanding the sources of Arctic biological
ice nucleating particles
(2018)
J Creamean, A Solomon, R Hanlon…
R.C. Schnell, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2018.
Petron, G., BR Miller, I
Mielke-Maday, J Kofler…R.C.Schnell (2017), Multi-scale atmospheric measurements to study air
toxics emissions and ambient levels,
AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2017.
Petron, G. BR Miller, BH
Vaughn, J Kofler…R.C. Schnell, (2017) Top-down constraints on methane and non-methane
hydrocarbon emissions in the US Four Corners, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2017.
G Pétron, BR Miller, SA Montzka, EJ
Dlugokencky, R.C. Schnell (2013), What measurements tell us about air composition
and emissions in three US oil and gas fields, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2013.
Sweeney,C. TB Ryerson, A
Karion, J Peischl, G Petron, R.C. Schnell (2013), Emissions of CH4 from natural gas production in
the United States using aircraft-based observations, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2013.
Schnell, R.C., SJ Oltmans, BJ Johnson, RR Neely III (2012), The Anatomy of Wintertime Photochemical Ozone
Production Events in the Upper Green River, WY and Uintah, UT Natural Gas
Fields, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2012.
G Pétron, JD Kofler, GJ Frost, BR
Miller, PM Edwards…R.C.Schnell (2012), Emissions from oil and natural gas operations in
northeastern Utah, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2012.
Schnell, R.C. and G. Vali,
Contribution of natural freezing nuclei to precipitation development.
Proceedings of the Cloud Physics Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, 41-43,
August 1970.
Schnell, R.C., Freezing nuclei from
decomposing tree leaves. M.S. Thesis, Department of Atmospheric Resources,
University of Wyoming, 71 pp, 1971.
Vali, G. and R.C. Schnell, A
relation between raindrop sizes and freezing nuclei in the rain. J. Res.
Atmos., 2, 87-92, 1971.
Schnell, R.C., Freezing nuclei from
decomposing tree leaves. Report AR102, Department of Atmospheric Resources,
University of Wyoming, Laramie, 17 pp, 1972.
Vali, G., R.C. Schnell, and J. Howatson,
Development of leaf-derived ice nuclei for weather modification. Report to
National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., Grant GI-32555X, pp. 33, 1973.
Schnell, R.C., R. Fresh, and G.
Vali, Ice nuclei from decaying vegetation. Abstract in Proceedings,
Colorado-Wyoming Academy of Science, Golden, Colorado, pp. 18, April 1973.
Schnell, R.C., R. Fresh, and G.
Vali, Freezing nuclei from decaying vegetation. Proceedings, VIII Nucleation
Conference, Leningrad, USSR, Gidrometeorizdat, Moscow, pp. 224-228,
1973.
Schnell, R.C. and G. Vali, Climatic
distribution of vegetatively produced ice nuclei. Abstract in Proceedings,
AAAS, Southwest and Rocky Mountain Div., Laramie, Wyoming, pp. 19, April 1974.
Schnell, R.C., Atmospheric ice
nuclei from the oceans? Abstract in Proceedings, AAAS, Southwest and Rocky
Mountain Div., Laramie, Wyoming, pp. 5, April 1974.
Schnell, R.C., Biogenic sources of
atmospheric ice nuclei. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Atmospheric
Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 122 pp, May 1974.
Schnell, R.C., Biogenic sources of
atmospheric ice nuclei, Report AR111, Department of Atmospheric Resources,
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 33 pp, 1974.
Schnell, R.C., Biogenic sources of
atmospheric ice nuclei. Proceedings, Cloud Physics Conference, Tucson, Arizona,
Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, Mass., pp. 28-33, October 1974.
Schnell, R.C., M. Reischel, and G.
Vali, Sensitivities of ice nuclei to chemical interactions. Proceedings, Cloud
Physics Conference, Tucson, Arizona, Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, Mass., pp. 52-56,
October 1974.
Schnell, R.C., Biogenic and
inorganic ice nuclei sources in the drought-stricken areas of the Sahel-1974.
Report to the Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, pp. 20, November 1974.
Schnell, R.C., Biogenic ice nuclei
related to precipitation efficiencies of Sahelian cumulus clouds. Invited
paper, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, December 12-17, 1974.
Schnell, R.C. and G. Vali,
Heterogeneous ice nucleation in the presence of aliphatic amines and ammonia.
Report AR113, Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming,
Laramie, pp. 28, December 1974.
Schnell, R.C., Overgrazing and
biogenic ice nuclei: A physical link in the Sahelian drought? Preprint,
Proceedings, 12th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Tucson,
Arizona, Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, Mass., pp. 29-30, April 1975.
Schnell, R.C., R. Fresh, and L.
Maki, Highly active ice nuclei produced during tree litter decay. Preprint,
Proceedings, 12th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Tucson,
Arizona, Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, Mass., pp. 9-10, April 1975.
Parton, B. and R.C. Schnell, Use of
an ecosystem model to study potential interactions between the atmosphere and
the biosphere. Preprints, Proceedings, 1975 Summer Computer Simulation
Conference, San Francisco, July, 1975.
Schnell, R.C., Ice nuclei associated
with cultured and naturally occurring marine phytoplankton. Geophys. Res.
Lett., 2, 500-502, 1975.
Schnell, R.C. and G. Vali, Biogenic
sources of atmospheric ice nuclei -- A review. EOS, 56, 994, 1975.
Schnell, R.C., J. Carney and C.
Carty, Active ice nuclei associated with viable bacteria in Nova Scotia marine
fogs. Abstract in EOS, 56, 994, 1975.
Schnell, R.C., The biogenic component
of Sahelian Eolian dust: A possible drought factor. Abstract in EOS, 56, 994,
1975.
Schnell, R.C. Biogenic ice nuclei
removal by overgrazing: A factor in the Sahelian drought? Final Report to the
Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, pp. 12, 1975.
Schnell, R.C., J. Carney and C.
Carty, Ocean derived ice nuclei. Proceedings, Conference on the Interaction of
the Sea and Atmosphere, Seattle, Washington, April 1976.
Schnell, R.C., Naturally occurring
biological ice nucleants: A review. Proceedings International Cloud Physics
Conference, Boulder, CO, Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, Mass., pp. 57-60, July 1976.
Schnell, R.C., Biogenic ice nuclei
removal by overgrazing: A factor in the Sahelian drought? Proceedings, IUGG
Conference on Desertification, July 20-26, Ashkhabad, USSR, 1976.
Schnell, R.C., Ice nuclei in
seawater, fog water and marine air during the USNS HAYES 1975 fog cruise.
Marine Fog Cruise, USNS HAYES, 1975, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,
D.C., pp. 595-609, 1976.
Schnell, R.C., C.C. Van Valin and
R.F. Pueschel, Atmospheric ice nuclei: No detectable effect from a coal-fired
power plant plume, Abstract in EOS, 57, pp. 925, 1976.
Schnell, R.C. and Suan Tan-Schnell,
Hail and glaciers on the Equator - The Mount Kenya Baseline Station Feasibility
Study: WMO Bulletin, XXVI, 2, 123-125, 1977.
Schnell, R.C., Surface and airborne
CO2 measurements around equatorial Mount Kenya. Preprints, IAGA/IAMAP Joint
Assembly, Seattle, Washington, pp. 166, Aug-Sept 1977.
Schnell, R.C., A.C. Delaney, and
D.A. Gillette, Ice nucleus measurements during wind erosion episodes.
Proceedings, IX Nucleation Conference, Galway, Ireland, September 1977.
Schnell, R.C., Kaolin and biogenic
ice nucleant: Some nucleation and identification studies. Proceedings, IX Nucleation
Conference, Galway, Ireland, pp. 353-380, September 1977.
Schnell, R.C. and Suan N.
Tan-Schnell, Tea litter: A prolific source of ice (hail?) nuclei. TEA, pp.
8-12, December 1978.
Schnell, R.C. and S.A. Odh, Carbon
dioxide cycles in tropical East Africa. Abstract in EOS, 59, pp. 1077, 1978.
Schnell, R.C. and R.F. Pueschel, CN
concentration and aerosol composition measurements on and around Mount Kenya,
East Africa. Abstract in EOS, 59, pp. 1086, 1978.
Schnell, R.C. and Suan N.
Tan-Schnell, Tea Litter: A prolific source of ice (hail?) nuclei. EOS, 59, pp.
1086, 1978.
Schnell, R.C., Some size and
composition characteristics of aerosols at Mount Kenya, East Africa. Preprints,
Fourth Conference on Biometeorology, Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, Mass.
Minneapolis, MN, pp 255-258, April 3-5, 1979.
Schnell, R.C., S.A. Odh and L.N.
Njau, Carbon dioxide cycles in various tropical East Africa biomes. Preprints,
Fourth International Conference, Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global
Pollution, Boulder, CO, August 12-18, 1979.
Schnell, R.C., The Mount Kenya
Baseline Station Feasibility Study: Research and Results. Special Environmental
Report No. 14. Paper presented at IWMO Technical Conference on Regional and
Global Observation of Atmospheric Pollution Relative to Climate. Boulder, CO,
August 20-24, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 218-225, 1979.
Schnell, R.C., A new technique for
measuring atmospheric ice nuclei active at temperatures from -20oC to 0oC, with
results. Preprints, Seventh Conference on Inadvertent and Planned Weather
Modification, Banff, Alberta, Amer. Met. Soc., Boston, Mass., October 9-12, pp.
110-111, 1979.
Schnell, R.C., R.F. Pueschel, H.K.
Weickmann and D.L. Wellman, Aerosol and ice nuclei measurements in the plume of
the Homer City, PA. power plant. Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 371-374, 1979.
Schnell, R.C., R.F. Pueschel, H.K.
Weickmann, and D.L. Wellman, Aerosol and ice nuclei measurements in the plume
of the Homer City, PA Power Plant. Abstract in EOS, 60, pp. 262, 1979.
Schnell, R.C. and Bernd Wrobel,
Variations in atmospheric ice nucleus activity at Boulder, Colorado, Summer,
Abstract in EOS, 60, pp. 842, 1979.
Schnell, R.C., R.F. Pueschel, H.K.
Weickmann, and D.L. Wellman, Ice nuclei and aerosol measurements in the plume of
the Johnstown, PA. Steel Mill, Abstract in EOS, 60, pp. 842, 1979.
Schnell, R.C. and R.F. Pueschel,
Airborne aerosol and ice nucleus measurements in support of Project Phoenix,
Abstract in EOS, 60, pp. 832, 1979.
Schnell, R.C., R.F. Pueschel, H.K. Weickmann
and D.L. Wellman, Ice nuclei and aerosol measurements in the plume of the
Johnstown, PA. Steel Mill, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 397-400, 1980.
Schnell, R.C., S.W. Miller and B.
Wrobel, Seasonal changes and terrestrial sources of atmospheric ice nuclei at
Boulder, CO. Preprints, IAMAP-ICCP VII Conference on Cloud Physics,
Clermont-Ferrand, pp. 53-56, July 1980.
Schnell, R.C. and S.W. Miller,
Aerosol concentrations and related ice nucleation activity: Tent studies.
Abstract in EOS, 61, pp. 243, 1980.
Schnell, R.C. and S.W. Miller, Water
quality and ice nucleus studies. Abstract in EOS, 61, pp. 243, 1980.
Schnell, R.C. and S.W. Miller, Ice
nucleus content with Mount Saint Helens plume ash. Abstract in EOS, 61, pp.
970, 1980.
Schnell, R.C., S.W. Miller and P.A.
Allee, Ice nucleation studies on a bacterial aerosol. Preprints, Fifth
Conference on Biometeorology, Anaheim, California, March 30-April 3, 1981, AMS
Boston, pp. 22-24, 1981.
Schnell, R.C., Biogenic ice nuclei:
Intercomparison measurements using a thermal diffusion chamber, an NCAR
counter, and a filter drop freezer technique. Preprints IAMAP, 3rd
International Assembly, Hamburg, Germany, August 1981.
Schnell, R.C., Atmospheric ice
nucleus measurements around the Hawaiian Islands during the HAMEC Project -
1980. Preprints IAMAP, 3rd International Assembly, Hamburg, Germany, August
1981.
Schnell, R.C., Ice nucleus and cloud
condensation nucleus characteristics of Mount Saint Helens effluents and their
relationships to ash elemental composition. IAMAP, 3rd International Assembly,
Hamburg, Germany, August 1981.
Parungo, F.P., C. Nagamoto, I. Nolt,
E. Nickerson, W. Caldwell and R.C. Schnell, Hawaii Mesoscale Energy and Climate
Project: III, Atmospheric aerosol and cloud microphysics measurements. Project
Report, Office of Weather Research and Modification, NOAA, ERL, Boulder, CO,
pp. 75, 1981.
Schnell, R.C. and J.M. Harris, A
possible drought induced signal in the global atmospheric CO2 record. Preprints
WMO Scientific Conference on Analysis and Interpretation of Atmospheric CO2
Data, Bern, Switzerland, Analysis and Interpretation of Atmospheric CO2 Data,
Bern, Switzerland, 14-18 September 1981, pp. 113-120, 1981.
Schnell, R.C., Airborne ice nucleus
measurements around the Hawaiian Islands, J. Geophys. Res., 87,
8886-8890, 1982.
Schnell, R.C., R.F. Pueschel and
D.L. Wellman, Ice nucleus characteristics of Mount Saint Helens effluents, J.
Geophys. Res., 87, 11, 109-112, 1982.
Schnell R.C., P.A. Allee, S.W.
Miller and B. Wrobel, Ice nucleus measurement intercomparisons using three
systems and three natural ice nucleants. Preprints Conference on Cloud Physics,
Chicago, November, 119-122, 1982.
Schnell, R.C., The Mount Kenya
Baseline Station Feasibility Study, Environmental Pollution Monitoring
Programme Series, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland,
Volume 12, pp. 171, 1982.
Schnell, R.C., Increased production
and reduced energy costs in snowmaking: some recent research results, Ski Area
Management, 21, 78-80, 1982.
Schnell, R.C., Arctic haze and the
arctic gas and aerosol sampling program (AGASP), Proc. American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, 21st Aerospace Science Meeting, Reno, Jan., pp.
6, 1983.
Schnell, R.C., W.E. Raatz and J.T.
Peterson, Arctic gas and aerosol sampling program (AGASP), Proc. WMO Tech.
Conf. on Observations and Measurement of Atmospheric Contaminants (TECOMAC),
Oct., Vienna, pp. 10, 1983.
Shapiro, M.A., R.C. Schnell, F.P.
Parungo, S.J. Oltmans, El Chichon Volcanic Debris in an Arctic Tropopause Fold,
Arctic Haze Symposium, Toronto, Canada, May. 1984.
Schnell, R.C. and R.R. Fall,
Bacterial ice nuclei of marine origin: some recent observations. Preprints,
Int. Conf. on Atmos. Aerosols, Condensation, and Ice Nuclei, Budapest, Hungary,
3-8 September 1984.
Schnell, R.C., Condensation nuclei
and aerosol size distribution measurements in Arctic haze. Preprints, 11 Int.
Conf. on Atmos. Aerosols, Condensation, and Ice Nuclei, Budapest, Hungary, 3-8
September, 1984.
Schnell, R.C., Bacterial ice nuclei
and their role in the atmosphere, Preprints, 2nd American Conference on Ice
Nucleating Bacteria, Flagstaff, AZ, 6-9 June, 1984.
Schnell, R.C., and R.R. Fall,
Isolation of ice-nucleation active bacteria from marine sources. Preprints, 2nd
American Conference on Ice Nucleating Bacteria, Flagstaff, AZ, 6-9 June, 1984.
Schnell, R.C., W.E. Raatz and J.T.
Peterson, Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program. Lectures presented at the
WMO Technical Conference on Observation of Atmospheric Contaminants, TECOMAC,
Vienna, Austria, 17-21 Oct 1983, WMO 64, Spec. Environ. Rept. No. 16, World
Meteorological Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland, 324-333, 1985.
Raatz, W.E., R.C. Schnell and B.A.
Bodhaine, Atmospheric cross sections for the Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling
Program, March-April 1983. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-134, January pp.
50, 1985.
Schnell, R.C., The International
Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program, Invited Presentation, Arctic Haze
Policy and Research Planning Meeting, Cambridge, UK, September (Abstract),
1985.
Schnell, R.C., Rapid long-range
transport of air pollutants across the Arctic: The March 1983 Arctic haze
episode. IAMAP/IAPSO Joint Assembly, Honolulu, Hawaii, August (Abstract), 1985.
Schnell, R.C., Arctic Gas and
Aerosol Sampling Program, Inter-Agency Workshop on Sensing from Aircraft, NCAR,
Boulder, CO, August 19-22, (Abstract), 1985.
Schnell, R.C., W.E. Raatz and J.T.
Peterson, Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP). 15th Annual Arctic
Workshop, University of Colorado, Boulder, April 24-26, (Abstract), 1986.
Schnell, R.C. and M.A. Shapiro,
Lower stratosphere in-situ airborne gas and aerosol measurements in the Arctic:
Spring 1983. Upper Atmosphere Theory and Data Analysis Program Meeting,
Seattle, Washington, June 23-27, (Abstract), 1986.
Schnell, R.C. and R.M. Rosen,
Geophysical Monitoring For Climatic Change, Summary Report, #14, Editor, pp.
165, 1986.
Schnell, R.C. and P.T. Sheridan,
Lower stratosphere in-situ airborne gas and aerosol measurements in the Arctic:
Spring 1986. Upper Atmosphere Theory and Data Analysis Program Meeting,
Seattle, Washington, June 23-27, (Abstract), 1986.
Schnell, R.C., The international
Arctic gas and aerosol sampling program. In Arctic Air Pollution, B.
Stonehouse, Ed., Cambridge University Press, pp. 328, 1986.
Herbert, G.A., J.M. Harris, R.C.
Schnell and B.A. Bodhaine, Meteorological Conditions and Air Mass Transport
During AGASP-II, EOS, pp. 902, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 1986.
Bridgman, H. and R.C. Schnell,
Vertical Cross Sections of Condensation Nuclei over the Western Atlantic During
WATOX, January 4-10, 1986. EOS, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 1986.
Schnell, R.C. and T.B. Watson,
Airborne gas and aerosol measurements during WATOX, January 1986. EOS, pp. 902,
AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 1986.
Schnell, R.C., Use of a NOAA WP-3D
with multi-sensor gas and aerosol sampling systems: WATOX and AGASP-II, 1986,
Proceedings, Second Airborne Science Workshop, University of Miami, Miami, FL,
Feb. 3-6, 1987, pp. 151, 1987.
Schnell, R.C., Arctic Haze. DOD
Symposium and Workshop on Arctic & Arctic-Related Environmental Sciences,
Washington, D.C., January 27-30, 1987, pp. 4, 1987.
Schnell, R.C., H.A. Bridgman, P.S.
Naegele and T. Watson, The NOAA WP-3D meteorological, aerosol, and gas systems
and flight operations on WATOX-86. WATOX Special Issue, Global Biogeochem.
Cycles, 1, 297-307, 1987.
Schnell, R.C., Long range transport
of anthropogenic pollutants into the Arctic. 6th Symposium of CACGP,
Peterborough, Canada, 23-29 August, 1987. (Poster)
Bridgman, H.A., C.A. Herbert and
R.C. Schnell, A major haze event near Point Barrow, Alaska during AGASP-II,
flights 201-203. Preprints, 4th Symposium on Arctic Air Chemistry, Hurdal,
Norway, Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 1987.
Herbert, G.A., H.A. Bridgman, R.C.
Schnell, J.M. Harris and B.A. Bodhaine, Meteorology and atmospheric transport
during AGASP-II. Preprints, 4th Symposium on Arctic Air Chemistry, Hurdal,
Norway, Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 1987.
Schnell, R.C., Gas and aerosol
distribution in the Arctic during AGASP-II. Preprints, 4th Symposium on Arctic
Air Chemistry, Hurdal, Norway, Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 1987.
Sheridan, P.J. and R.C. Schnell,
Cascade impactor studies of aerosol collected during AGASP-II, flights 201-203.
Preprints, 4th Symposium on Arctic Air Chemistry, Hurdal, Norway, Sept. 29-Oct.
2, 1987.
Bridgman H., B. Stunder, R. Artz, G.
Roth, R.C. Schnell, B.A. Bodhaine and S. Oltmans, Meteorological and aerosol
measurements from the NOAA WP-3D aircraft during WATOX-86, January 4-9, 1986.
NOAA Tech Memo, 65 pp, July 1987.
Herbert, G.A., H.A. Bridgman, R.C.
Schnell, B.A. Bodhaine and S.J. Oltmans, The analysis of meteorological
conditions and haze distribution for the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling
Program (AGASP-II), NOAA Tech. Memo ARL-158, pp. 67, November 1987.
Schnell, R.C. and R.M. Rosen,
Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change, Summary Report #15, (Ed.), pp. 155,
December 1987.
Ruhnke, L.H. and R.C. Schnell,
Arctic Haze, In Arctic and Arctic Related Environmental Science, E. Harrison
and G. Gomez (eds), A. Deepak Publishing, pp 285-288, 1987.
Schnell, R.C., J.D. Kahl, H.A.
Bridgman and G.A. Herbert, A major haze event near Point Barrow, Alaska during
AGASP-II, April 2-3, 1986. Preprints, Second Conference on Polar Meteorology
and Oceanography, AMS, Madison, Wisconsin, March 29-31, 1988.
Schnell, R.C., G.A. Herbert, J.M.
Harris and B.A. Bodhaine, A summary of atmospheric transport to Barrow, Alaska
during the Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (March 1983 and April 1986).
Preprints, Second Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, AMS,
Madison, Wisconsin, March 29-31, 1988.
Oltmans, S.J., R.C. Schnell, P.J.
Sheridan and W.D. Kohmyr, Seasonal surface ozone behavior in the high Arctic,
Preprints, Quadriennial Ozone Symposium, Gottingen, FRG, August 8-13, 1988.
Schnell, R.C., Bacteria produced
atmospheric condensation and ice nuclei, Preprints, AGU, Chapman Conference on
the Gaia Hypotheses, March 7-11, San Diego, CA., 1988.
Schnell, R.C., J.D. Kahl, H.A.
Bridgman, G.A. Herbert, B.A. Bodhaine and S.J. Oltmans, Aerosol formation and
distribution in the Arctic during AGASP-II, Atmospheric Aerosols and
Nucleation, P.E. Wagner and Gabor Vali, (Eds), Springer-Verlag, 1988, pp.
32-35, 1988.
Schnell, R.C., R.G. Barry, R.E.
Cianflone, W. Miles and M.C. Serreze, Surface characteristics of Arctic sea ice
from remote sensing data. Preprints, I.G.S. Symposium on Ice Dynamics, Hobart,
Tasmania, Feb. 1988.
Schnell, R.C., Springtime surface
ozone fluctuations at high Arctic latitudes and their possible relationship to
atmospheric bromine, Polar Ozone Workshop, Snowmass, CO, May 9-13, 1988.
Schnell, R.C., P.J. Sheridan, R.E.
Peterson and S.J. Oltmans, Airborne measurements of tropospheric ozone
destruction and particulate bromide formation in the Arctic, Polar Ozone
Workshop, Snowmass, CO, May 9-13, 1988.
Schnell, R.C., Arctic air chemistry,
Arctic Research, 2, pp. 39-41, 1988.
Schnell, R.C., Arctic Haze: Long
Range Pollution of the Polar Atmosphere, Global Effects of Atmospheric
Contaminants Meeting, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, October 25,
1988.
Sievering, H., P.J. Sheridan, and
R.C. Schnell, Size distribution and source identification of large aerosol
particles over the Alaskan Arctic during AGASP-II, Atmos. Environment, 23,
2495-2499. Arctic Haze Issue, 1989.
Andreas, E.L., M.W. Miles, R.C.
Schnell, and R.G. Barry, Massive Plumes from Arctic Leads, Abstract, IGS Annual
Meeting, Seattle, WA., August 1989.
Johnson, G.L., V. Alexander, and
Schnell, R.C., International marine/atmosphere Arctic science,
past-present-future, Arctic Research, 3, 3-17, 1989.
Schnell, R.C., AGASP: Clues to
transport and chemistry in the Arctic troposphere. Abstract, 5th IAMAP
Assembly, Reading, UK, July 31-August 12, 1989.
Schnell, R.C. and J. Kahl, Arctic
haze: Long range pollution of the polar atmosphere. Conference on Aerosols and
Background Pollution, Galway, Ireland, 13-15 June, 1989.
Schnell, R.C., Highly absorbing and
scattering anthropogenic aerosols in the Arctic troposphere, Proceedings, Smoke
Obscurants Symposium XIII, OPM Tech. Report, AMCPM - SMK - CT - 011 - 89, Vol.
II, 503-516.
Schnell, R.C., J.D. Kahl, A.D.A.
Hansen, A methodology for estimating regional emissions of black carbon aerosol
in the Arctic. Conference on Aerosols and Background Pollution, Galway,
Ireland, 13-15 June 1989.
Schnell, R.C., NOAA Eastern Arctic
Aircraft Expedition - A component of the coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment,
March-April, 1989; Reprints, 3rd Interagency Airborne Geosciences Workshop, U.
of California, San Diego, CA. Feb 21-24, 1989.
Schnell, R.C., R.G. Barry, M.W.
Miles, E.L. Andreas, L.F. Radke, C.A. Brock, M.P. McCormick and J.L. Moore,
Lidar detection of leads in Arctic sea ice, Proceedings, ILS-O Meeting APS,
Stanford, CA, Aug 27-31, 1989.
Schnell, R.C., Anthropogenic hazes
in the Arctic, Proceedings, AWMA/EPA Visibility and Fine Particles Meeting,
Estes Park, October 15-19, 1989, pp. 34, 1989.
Schnell, R.C., J.F. Boatman and D.L.
Wellman, Measurement of atmospheric aerosols with a research aircraft.
Preprints, Smoke Obscurants Symposium XIII, John Hopkins University, 25-27
April, 1989.
Schnell, R.C. and B.A. Bodhaine, The
Arctic basin atmospheric chemistry retort, Abstracts, AAAR Proceedings, Oct.
9-13, 1989 Reno, pp. 41, 1989.
Parungo, F., C. Nagamoto, P.J.
Sheridan and R.C. Schnell, Aerosol Characteristics of Arctic Haze sampled
during AGASP-II. Atmos. Environment, 24A, 937-949, 1990.
Schnell, R.C., P.J. Sheridan and
J.D. Kahl, AGASP-III, Polar Lows and CEAREX Norwegian Arctic Flight Program,
Spring 1989, Proceedings, Role of the Polar Regions in Global Changes, U. of
Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 11-15 June 1990.
Sheridan, P., R.C. Schnell, and J.D.
Kahl, Individual particle analysis of the springtime Arctic aerosol, 1983-1989,
Role of the Polar Regions in the Global Change, U. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK,
11-15 June 1990.
Parungo, F.P., C.N. Nagamoto, R.C.
Schnell and P.J. Sheridan, Analyses of aerosol samples collected during AGASP,
March-April 1989, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 2825-2837, 1993.
Hansen, A.D.A., R.C. Schnell, J.D.
Kahl, B.A. Bodhaine, and V.N. Kapustin, Comparison of measurements of aerosol
black carbon at Barrow, AK and Wrangel Island, USSR, Role of Polar Regions in
Global Change, U. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 11-15 June 1990.
Schnell, R.C., P. Sheridan and J.D.
Kahl, A comprehensive collection of Arctic meteorological soundings for use in
climate studies, Role of the Polar Regions in Global Change, U. of Alaska,
Fairbanks, AK, 11-15 June 1990.
Schnell, R.C., The Arctic Ocean
Pathway for Eurasian air pollution, Abstracts, 70th Annual Meeting of the AMS,
Anaheim, CA, Feb. 4-9, 1990.
Schnell, R.C., R.G. Barry, M.W.
Miles, E.L. Andreas, L.F. Radhe, C.A. Brock, M.P. McCormick and J.L. Moore,
Lidar detection of leads in Arctic sea ice, Sea Ice Properties and Processes,
CRREL Monograph 90-1, S. Ackley and W.F. Weeks, Eds. pp 294, Feb. 1990.
Schnell, R.C., Arctic Haze: Long
range transport of European Air Pollution, European Aerosol Conference, Zurich,
Switzerland, 1-5 October, 1990.
Schnell, R.C., S.D. Sewell, W.T.
Sturges and S.J. Oltmans, Annual photolytic ozone destruction cycle in the
Antarctic troposphere, CACGP 7th Int. Symposium, Chamrousse, France, 5-11
September 1990.
Schnell, R.C., Role of polar regions
in changing atmospheric composition, CACGP 7th Int. Symposium, Chamrousse,
France, 5-11 September 1990.
Sturges, W.T., S. Landsberger and
R.C. Schnell, Chemical and meteorological influences on surface ozone
destruction at Barrow, Alaska during spring 1989, Abstracts, AGU Fall Meeting,
Dec. 1990.
Herbert, G.A., R.C. Schnell, B.J.B.
Stunder, B.A. Bodhaine, S.J. Oltmans and M.Z. Bieniulis, Meteorological
conditions during the AGASP-III flights, March 1989, Abstracts, AGU Fall
Meeting, Dec. 1990.
Bodhaine, B.A., R.C. Schnell and P.J.
Sheridan, Aerosol instrumentation on the NOAA WP-30 during the third Arctic Gas
and Aerosol Sampling Program, Abstracts, AGU Fall Meeting, Dec. 1990.
Parungo, F., C. Nagamoto, P.J.
Sheridan and R.C. Schnell, Individual particle analyses of aerosol samples
collected during AGASP-III, abstracts, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA,
Dec. 1990.
Sheridan, P.J., W. Zoller, J.
Freman, R.A. Rasmussen and R.C. Schnell, Composition of Br - containing
aerosols and gases related to boundary layer ozone destruction in the Arctic
AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. 1990.
Kahl, J.D., P.J. Sheridan, R.C.
Schnell, B.P. Zak, H.M. Church, A. Mason, J.L. Heffter, and J.M. Harris,
Forecasting atmospheric debris transport in real-time using a trajectory model.
Atmos. Environ., 25A, 1705- 1713, 1991.
Schnell, R.C., S. Liu, S. Oltmans,
R. Stone, D. Hofmann, S. Sewell, W. Sturges, T. Deschler, E. Dutton, J. Harder,
M. Trainer and J. Harris, Seasonal and secular variations of tropospheric ozone
in Antarctica, Proc. IUGG Assembly, Vienna, Austria, August 11-24, 1991.
Schnell, R.C., Seasonal and secular
variations of tropospheric ozone in Antarctica, Proc. Antarctic Tropospheric
Chemistry Meeting, Boulder, CO, June 1991.
Parungo, F., R.C. Schnell, C.
Nagamoto, and P. Sheridan, Analyses of aerosol samples collected during AGASP.
IUGG Assembly, Vienna, August 11-24, 1991.
Schnell, R.C. and S. Shiotoni, Soot
emission from commercial aviation in a heavily traveled air corridor. Proc. 4th
International Soot Carbon Conference, Vienna, Austria, April 3-5, 1991.
Schnell, R.C., A.D.A. Hansen and
B.A. Bodhaine, Continuous aerosol black carbon measurements inside and outside
a large office building. Proc. 4th International Soot Carbon Conference,
Vienna, Austria, April 3-5, 1991.
Schnell, R.C., A.D.A. Hansen and
B.A. Bodhaine, High-resolution measurements of aerosol black carbon from an
instrumented light Aircraft, Proc. 4th International Soot Carbon Conference,
Vienna, Austria, April 3-5, 1991.
Schnell, R.C., Bulk aerosol and
individual particle black carbon measurements over the Southwestern United
States, Proc. 4th International Soot Carbon Conference, Vienna, Austria, April
3-5, 1991.
Sturges, W.T., R.C. Schnell and S.
Landsberger, Bromine and surface ozone atmospheric chemistry at Barrow, Alaska
during spring 1989, Proc. Int. Conf., Role of Polar Regions in Global Change,
June 11-15, U of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 1991.
Schnell, R.C., R. Fall, M.
Nemecek-Marshall, K. Sweeting, and R. La Duca, A new INA bacterium from high
altitude equatorial vegetation, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Biological Ice Nuclei
Madison, Wisc., 4-7 August, 1991.
DeLuisi, J., R. Haas, E. Dutton, D.
Nelson, P. Reddy, R.C Schnell, D. Longenecker and T. McNice, Aerosol and
radiation characteristics of smoke from the Yellowstone fire of 1988, Proc. XX
General Assembly, IUGG, Vienna, 11-24 August 1991.
Bodhaine, B.A., R.C. Schnell, et
al., The second front range lidar, aircraft and balloon experiment, NOAA Data
Report ERL, CMDL-8, June 1991, pp. 142, 1991
Schnell, R.C., J.F. Boatman, and
T.A. Hansen, Building ventilation measured with a passive continuous soot
carbon (Aethalometer) technique, Proc. 10th Annual Meeting, AAAR, Traverse
City, MI, October 1991.
Sheridan, P., R.C. Schnell, D.
Hofmann, T. Deshler and B. Johnson, Individual particle electron microscope
analyses of Mt. Pinatubo stratospheric aerosols collected by balloon-borne
impactors, Abs. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 1991.
Sheridan, P.J., R.C. Schnell, D.J.
Hofmann, T. Deshler, and B. Johnson, Electron microscope studies of Kuwait oil
smoke aerosols collected by aircraft-based and balloon-borne impactors,
May-July 1991, Abs. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 1991.
Cahill, T., J. Schweitzer, K.
Wilkinson, R.C. Schnell, J. Reid, R. Eldred, and R. Flocchini, Comparison of
the physical and chemical characteristics of Kuwaiti smoke and smoke from
Kuwaiti oils, EOS, Abs. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 72, 44, pp. 81.
Dec. 1991.
Yamato, M., Y. Iwasaki, R.C. Schnell,
P. Sheridan, M. Nishikawa, and T. Mizoguchi, Aerosols emitted into the
atmosphere from Kuwait fires, Proc. Japan Met. Soc., Tokyo, 23-25 Oct., 1991.
Parungo, A., C. Nagamoto, R.C.
Schnell, P. Sheridan, and C. Zhu, Aerosol particles in Kuwait oil-fire plumes:
their morphology, size distribution and chemical composition, Abstracts, AGU
Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 1991.
Schnell, R.C., Arctic Gas and
Aerosol Sampling Program: Highlights, Arctic Research, 5, pp 14-16,
1991.
Kahl, J., P. Sheridan and R.C.
Schnell, Real-time forecasting of atmospheric debris transport. Proc.
NATO/CCMS, Int. Tech. Mtg. on Air Poll. Mod. and Applic., Athens, Greece, Sept.
1991.
Bodhaine, B.A., L.A. Barrie, and
R.C. Schnell, Antarctic Tropospheric Chemistry Research, Report of the Int.
Symp. on the Trop. Chem. of the Antarctic Region, 3-6 June 1991, Boulder, CO,
NOAA Meetings Report, Boulder, CO, pp 20, Nov. 1991.
Sturges, W.T., R.C. Schnell and S.
Landsberger, Bromine and surface ozone atmospheric chemistry at Barrow, Alaska
during spring, 1989, Role of the Polar Regions in Global Change, U. of Alaska,
Fairbanks, AK, 11-15, June 1990, 751-756, 1991.
Barrie, L.A., B.A. Bodhaine, R.C.
Schnell, G.A. Shaw, and J.K. McKie, Symposium on the Tropospheric Chemistry of
the Antarctic Region, Tellus, 44B, 250-251, 1992.
Hansen, A.D.A., R.C. Schnell, A.V.
Polissar, and G.S. Golitsyn, Aerosol measurements over the East Siberian Sea,
Abstracts, 5th Symposium on Arctic Air Chemistry, Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept.
8-10, 1992.
Kahl, J.D., D.J. Charlevoix, N.A.
Zaitseva, and R.C. Schnell, Lower tropospheric temperature trends over the
Arctic Ocean: 1950-1990, Proceedings, 3rd Conference Polar Meteorology and
Oceanography, AMS, Portland, OR, 29 Sept - 2 Oct, 1992.
Parungo, F., B. Kopelwicz, C.
Nagamoto, R.C. Schnell, P. Sheridan, C. Zhu, J. Harris, B.B. Hicks, and J.M.
Miller, Aerosol Particles in the Kuwait Oil-Fire Plumes: Their Morphology, Size
Distribution, Chemical Composition, Transport, and Potential Effect on Climate,
NOAA Tech Memo, ARL, 1992.
Parungo, F., B. Kopelwicz, C.
Nagamoto, R.C. Schnell, P. Sheridan, C. Zhu, J. Harris, B.B. Hicks, and J.M.
Miller, Aerosol Particles in the Kuwait Oil-Fire Plumes: Their Morphology, Size
Distribution, Chemical Composition, Transport, and Potential Effect on Climate,
J. Geophys. Res., 97, pp 15,867-882, 1992.
Schnell, R.C., G.A. Allen, J.F.
Boatman, and A.D.A. Hansen, Black carbon aerosol output from a photocopier,
Proc. 85 Annual Meeting, AWMA, June 21-26, Kansas City, 10 pp, 1992.
Schnell, R.C., E. Dlugokencky, T.J.
Conway, A.V. Polissar, and G.S. Golitsyn, Airborne investigation of the Bennett
Island plume, Abstracts, 5th Symposium on Arctic Air Chemistry, Copenhagen,
Denmark, Sept. 8-10, 1992.
Sheridan, P.J., R.C. Schnell, H.
Seivering, and R. Ferek, Aerosol chemistry measurements over the Beaufort Sea
during AGASP-IV/LEADEX, April, 1992, Abstracts, 5th Symposium on Arctic Air
Chemistry, Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept. 8-10, 1992.
Sturges, W.T., R.C. Schnell, S.
Landsberger, and J.M. Harris, Chemical and meteorological influences on surface
ozone destruction at Barrow, Alaska during spring 1989, Atmos. Environ.,
27A, 2851-2863, 1993.
Herbert, G.A., P.S. Sheridan, R.C.
Schnell, M.Z. Bieniulis, B.A. Bodhaine, Analysis of meteorological conditions
during AGASP-IV, March 30-April 23, 1992, NOAA Tech Memo, ERL, CMDL-5, pp 118,
April 1993.
Schnell, R.C., Are biological ice
nuclei important in drought processes, past thoughts, present perspectives,
Abstract, Proceedings, Sixth Int. Conf. on Biological Ice Nuclei, Laramie,
Wyoming, August 4-16, 1993.
Schnell, R.C., P.J. Sheridan, B.A.
Bodhaine, E.G. Dutton, and J.D. Kahl, Arctic gas and aerosol data sets from
AGASP and the Barrow Baseline Station, Proc. Int. Symposium, Ecological Effects
of Arctic Airborne Contaminants, Reykjavik, Iceland, Oct. 4-8, 1993, pp 25, USA
CRREL Special Report 92-93.
Khalsa, S.J., J.R. Key, R.C.
Schnell, J.D. Kahl, M.C. Serreze, and J. Bates, Final Report, Development and
trend analyses of an Arctic TOVS temperature sounding record, Report to NASA,
Contract NA26GP0186, pp 28 (available from CIRES, U. of Colorado,
Boulder),1993.
Sheridan, P.J., C.E. Quincy, and
R.C. Schnell, Optical properties of aerosols in the Kuwait oil fire smoke
plume, May-June 1991, NOAA Data Report, ERL, CMDL-10, NOAA, Boulder, CO, pp
154, 1993
.
Fett, R.W. (Compiler), with
contributions from R.C. Schnell, et al., Leadex Data Report, Part 3: Leadex
aircraft data and flight summaries, March 30-April 23, 1992, Naval Research
Laboratory/PU/7540-93-0015, pp 302, December 1993.
Davidson, C.I. and R.C. Schnell,
Introduction: the special issue of Atmospheric Environment, 27A, No. 17
& 18, pp 2695-2699, 1993.
Schnell, R.C., D.T. Kuniyuki, B.A.
Bodhaine, and A.D.A. Hansen, The dust component of aerosol light absorption
measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Abstract, Proceedings, 5th Int. Conf. on
Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, LBL/DOE, Berkeley, CA, 23-26 August,
1994.
Clarke, A. and R.C. Schnell, Black
Carbon Variability in the Pacific free troposphere and marine boundary layer,
Abstract, Proceedings, 5th Int. Conf. on Carbonaceous Particles in the
Atmosphere, LBL/DOE, Berkeley, CA, 23-26 August, 1994.
Schnell, R.C., Carbon Cycle Species
and Asian Dust at Mauna Loa Observatory in Relation to Air Mass Origins,
Proceedings of The Tsukuba Global Carbon Cycle Workshop-Global Environment
Tsukuba '95, Tsukuba, Japan, February 1995, pp. 54-61.
Parungo, Farn, Y. Kim, C-J Zhu, J.
Harris, R. C. Schnell, X-S Li, D-Z Yang, X-M Fang, P. Yan, X. Yu, M-Y Zhou, Z.
Chen, F-L Qian, K. Park, Asian Duststorms and their Effects on Radiation and
Climate, Part I, Science and Technology Corporation Tech. Report 2906, July
1995.
Schnell, R.C., Recent Chinese Dust
Storms Observed at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, Proceedings, WMO-IGAC
Conference on the Measurement and Assessment of Atmospheric Composition Change,
Beijing, China, October 1995, pp. 218-219.
Schnell, R.C., D. Kuniyuki, J.
Barnes, B.A. Bodhaine, J.M. Harris, and F.P. Parungo, Recent Chinese Dust
Storms Observed at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, AGU 1995 Fall Meeting, San
Francisco, December 1995, EOS, November 7, 1995, pp F76.
Bodhaine, B.A., D.J. Hofmann, E.G.
Dutton, R.C. Schnell, J.E. Barnes, S.C. Ryan, R.L. McKenzie, P.V. Johnson, and
M. Kotcamp, New Ultraviolet Spectrometer Measurements At Mauna Loa Observatory,
Hawaii, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 1995, EOS, November 7, 1995,
pp F97.
Parungo, Farn, Y. Kim, C.-J. Zhu, J.
Harris, R. C. Schnell, X.-S. Li, D.-Z. Yang, X.-M. Fang, P. Yan, X. Yu, M.-Y.
Zhou, Z. Chen, F.-L. Qian, K. Park, Asian Duststorms and their Effects on
Radiation and Climate, Part II, Science and Technology Corporation Tech. Report
2959, March 1996.
Schnell, R.C., Airflow over the
island of Hawaii, Hawaii Medical Journal, 55, pp 44-45, March 1996.
Bodhaine, B.A., D.J. Hofmann, E.G.
Dutton, R.C. Schnell, J.E. Barnes, S.C. Ryan, R.L. McKenzie, P.V. Johnston, and
M. Kotcamp, Ultraviolet Spectroradiometer Measurements at Mauna Loa
Observatory, Abstract, International Radiation Symposium (IRS), Fairbanks, AK,
August 19-24, 1996.
McKenzie, R. L., P.V Johnston, G.E.
Bodeker, M. Kotcamp, B.A. Bodhaine, D.J. Hofmann, E.G. Dutton, R.C. Schnell,
J.E. Barnes, and S. Ryan, UV Spectral Irradiance Comparison and Contrast
between Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, and Lauder, New Zealand, Presented at
Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Aquila, Italy, 12-21 Sept. 1996, 10 pp.
Schnell, R.C. and D.J. Hofmann, The
Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) Station at Mauna Loa
Observatory, Presented at Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting, Brisbane,
Australia, EOS, Transactions, 77, 22, 1996, pp W8.
Parungo, Farn, R. C. Schnell, A.
Yoshinaga, L. Pajo, Y. Kim, C-J. Zhu, J. Harris, B. Bodhaine, M-Y Zhou, Z.
Chen, F-L. Qian, X-S. Li, D-Z. Yang, X-M. Fang, P. Yan, X. Yu, K. Park, Asian
Duststorms and Their Effects on Radiation and Climate, Science & Technology
Corporation, Part III, Prepared for NOAA under Contract No. 50-EANR-4-00037,
Tech. Rep. 3111, October 1996, 95 pp.
Bodhaine, B.A., D.J. Hofmann, E.G.
Dutton, R.C. Schnell, J.E. Barnes, S.C. Ryan, R.L. McKenzie, P.V. Johnston, and
M. Kotcamp, Ultraviolet Spectroradiometer Measurements at Mauna Loa
Observatory, EOS, A32C-01, AGU Fall Meeting, 1996.
Parungo, Farn, R. C. Schnell, A.
Yoshinaga, L. Pajo, Y. Kim, C-J. Zhu, J. Harris, B. Bodhaine, X-S. Li, D-Z.
Yang, X-M. Fang, P. Yan, X. Yu, M-Y Zhou, Z. Chen, F-L. Qian, K. Park, J-C.
Nam, Y-N. Iwasaka, S. Kwon, Asian Duststorms and Their Effects on Radiation and
Climate, Part IV, Science & Technology Corporation, Prepared for NOAA under
Contract No. 50-EANR-4-00037, Tech. Rep. 3134, March 1997, 124 pp.
Bodhaine, B.A., Hofmann, D.J.,
Dutton, E.G., Mckenzie, R.L., H Johnston, P.V., Kotkamp, M., Schnell. R.C.,
Barnes, J.E. and Ryan, S.C., Ultraviolet spectroradiatiometer measurements at
Mauna Loa Observatory, IRS'96:Current Problems In Atmospheric Radiation
(Hampton, VA:A.Deepak), 1997, 841-44
Schnell, R.C., Mauna Loa
Observatory: A Historical View of the First 40 Years of Operations, EOS, 78,
46, F71, 1997.
Schnell, R.C., Photolytic
Destruction of Ozone Beneath the Arctic Ice Cap Surface Inversion: A New Look
at the AGASP Data Sets, EOS, 79, 45, F82, Dec. 1998.
Kuniyuki, D.T., R.C. Schnell, S.C.
Ryan, and J.M. Harris, Transport of Biomass Burning from Central America To Mauna
Loa Observatory, Hawaii, July 1998, EOS, 79, 45, F101, Dec.1998.
Schnell, R.C., Global Atmospheric
Monitoring: The Mauna Loa Experience, Proceedings, International Symposium on
Global Environmental Monitoring, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology,
Kwangju, Korea, Sept.10-13, 1998.
Schnell, R.C., Monitoring global
atmospheric constituents capable of forcing climate change, SPIE-International
Society for Optical Engineering Conference on Environmental Monitoring and
Remediation Technologies II, Boston, MA, SPIE Vol. 3853, 2-14, 1999.
Schnell, R.C., Global Atmospheric
Environment Change Monitoring in the 21st Century, Proceedings, Conference on
Direction for Atmospheric Environmental Research Toward 21st Century, NEIS,
Seoul, Korea, pp 85-95, June 2000.
Schnell, R.C., D.B. King, and R.M.
Rosson (Eds.), Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Summary Report No.
25 1998-1999, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 154 pp.,
2001.
Oh, S-N. , Y-H. Youn, K-J. Park2,
H-K Min and R. C. Schnell, Surface Measurements of Global Warming Causing
Atmospheric Constituents in Korea, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,
Springer Netherlands, pp 21-34, 70, 1-2 / July, 2001.
Nagurnyi, A.P., N.A. Zaitseva, G.V.
Alekseev, E.Yu Medvedchenko, A. Shumbera, J.D. Kahl and R.C. Schnell, Archive
of Radiosonde Data Obtained at the Ice Drifting Station North Pole, Meteorology
and Hydrology, 6, 55-62, 2001 (Text in Russian).
Schnell, R.C., Arctic Air Pollution
Measurements From the Barrow, Alaska, Baseline Station: 1973-2002, Proceedings,
Second AMAP International Symposium on Environmental Pollution of the Arctic,
Rovaniemi, Finland, October 1-4, 2002.
Schnell, R.C., Long Range Transport
of Air Pollutants Across the Pacific, Proceedings, Trends and Intercontinental
Transport of Photo-oxidants, Particle and their Precursors Across the Northern
Hemisphere, Proceedings, Hemispheric Air Pollution, Bad Breisig, Germany,
BMU/UBA, October 7-11, 2002
King, D.B., R.C. Schnell and R.M.
Rosson (Eds.), Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Summary Report 26,
2000-2001, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 184 pp.,
2002.
Schnell, R.C., A-M. Buggle, R.M.
Rosson (Eds.) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Summary Report 27,
2002-2003, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 1174 pp.,
2004.
Schnell, R.C., Asian Aerosol and Gas
Transport to Atmospheric Baseline Stations in Hawaii, California and Alaska,
Proceedings, Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, August
17-20, 2004.
Schnell, R.C., Transport of Gases
and Aerosols from Asia to North America, proceedings, Joint AOGS and APHW
Conference, Singapore, 5-9 July, 2004, pp 446.
Levinson, D.H. and A.M. Waple (Eds),
State of the Climate in 2003, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 85, 2004 (R.C.
Schnell, Chapter: Trends in Trace Gases).
Schnell, R.C. and D.J. Hofmann, ,
From the Poles to the Top of an Active Volcano: The National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration Baseline Atmospheric Observatories, X Journades de
Meteorologia, Eduard Fontsere, ACAM, Barcelona, Spain, November 2004, pp
117-124.
Levinson, D.H. (Ed), State of the
Climate in 2004, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc , 86, 2005 (R.C. Schnell, Chapter:
Trends in Trace Gases).
Schnell, R.C. and D.J. Hofmann, The
Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory, Arctic Research, Vol.19, Spring
/Summer 2005, pp 34-40.
Schnell, R.C. , Recent Trends in
Global Atmospheric Radiative Forcing Trace Gas Concentrations, Proceedings AOGS
Annual Meeting, Singapore, 20-24 June, 2005, pp 47.
Schnell, R.C., Recent Trends in
Global Atmospheric Radiative Forcing Trace Gas Concentrations, proceedings GAW
international Symposium, Chinese Meteorological Agency and World Meteorological
organization, Xining, China, August 18-19, 2005.
Shein, K.A. (Ed.), State of the
Climate in 2005, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 87, 2006 (R.C. Schnell, Chapter:
Trends in Trace Gases).
Schnell, R.C., Mauna Loa
Observatory, Hilo, Hawaii: 50 Years of Atmospheric Monitoring, Proceedings Mt.
Fuji Weather Station International Symposium, Gakushikaikan, Tokyo, Japan,
March 4-5, 2006.
Schnell, R.C., The Air We Breathe,
It Is Not What It Used To Be, Proceedings, International Meeting on Regional
Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Long Range Transport, National Central
University, Taipei, Taiwan, April 1, 2006.
Arguez, A. (Ed.), State of the
Climate in 2006, Bulletin of the AMS, 88, 6, S1-S135, (R.C. Schnell,
Chapter on Trace Gases and Aerosols), 2007.
Schnell, R.W. and R.C. Schnell,
Supercooling In Over-wintering Pine Beetle Larvae, Proc.IUGG 2007 Perugia -
XXIV IUGG General Assembly, Perugia, Italy, July 2-13, 2007.
Schnell, R.C., The discovery of
biological ice nuclei: early successes, missteps and some remaining questions,
Proc. IUGG 2007 Perugia - XXIV IUGG General Assembly, Perugia, Italy, July
2-13, 2007.
Schnell, R.C., Updates in the Trends
in Atmospheric Trace Gases from the NOAA ESRL Global Network, Proc. IGAC
Conference 2008, Annecy, France, 7-12 September, 2008.
Schnell, R.C., The Air We Breathe:
It is Rapidly Changing, Invited Annual Lecture, U3A Wales, Brecon, Wales, UK,
September 18, 2008.
Levinson, D.H. and J.H. Lawrimore
(Ed.), State of the Climate in 200, Bulletin of the AMS, 89, 7, S1-S179,
(R.C. Schnell, Chapter on Trace Gases and Aerosols), 2008.
Schnell, R.C., S. J. Oltmans1, R. R.
Neely, M. S. Endres, J. V. Molenar and A. B. White, Rapid High Concentration
Rural Wintertime Photochemical Ozone Production, CMOS-2008 CONGRESS, 26-29 May,
Kelowna, BC, Canada, May 26-29, 2008.
Schnell, R.C., The Growing Network
of Arctic Atmospheric Observatories now Allows for Better Monitoring of Arctic
Air Pollution, Eos Trans. AGU, 89 (53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract, Dec15-19,
2008.
Kramer, L. J. , Honrath, R. E.,
Dziobak, M .P., Helmig, D., Hueber, J., Goodwin, S., Oltmans, S.
J., Schnell, R.C., Burkhart, J. F., Stohl, A., Biomass-burning and
Anthropogenic Impacts On Arctic Tropospheric Chemistry Assessed Using
Measurements At Summit, Greenland , Eos Trans. AGU, 89 (53), Fall Meet. Suppl.,
Abstract, Dec15-19, 2008.
Schnell, R.C. “The Air We Breathe –
It Ain’t What it Used to Be”, I-CARES Distinguished Speaker Series, Washington
University, St. Louis, MO, Jan 20, 2009.
Schnell, R.C., The Changing
Atmosphere, Invited Keynote Lecture, CETAS Conference-2009, Hisar, India, Feb
9-11, 2009.
Neely, R.R., R. C. Schnell, S. J.
Oltmans, J. V. Molenar, A. B. White, and M. S. Endres, Cold Temperature Ozone
Production in a Mountain Basin, Proceedings, 89th American Meteorological
Society Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, January 10-16, 2009.
Schnell, R.C., Updates on
Radiatively Important Atmospheric Trace Gas Concentrations and Trends in other
Parameters from the NOAA ESRL Global Network, Proceedings, 89th American
Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, January 10-16, 2009.
Past Competitive Research Support
1983-1991 ($10 M grant from ONR to Schnell, University of
Colorado and Dartmouth University for Arctic Research Topics)
Additional Grants
1985-86 (FY 86) $1,680,800
1986-87 (FY 87) $597,000
1987-88 (FY 88) $566,000
1988-89 (FY 89) $1,243,000
1989-90 (FY 90) $1,695,000
1990-91 (FY 91) $895,000
1991-92 (FY 92) $911,000
1992-Date: In 1992, Schnell joined
NOAA as Director of the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii and in 1998 moved to
Boulder, Colorado as Director of NOAA Observatory Operations. In 2005 he became
Deputy Director, NOAA/ GML, with an operational budget in the region of $20
M/year.
Other
funding of note:
$5M to construct a new road to Mauna
Loa Observatory, Federal Highways Administration (2000).
Bureau of Land Management: $300K for
San Juan Basin Methane and Ozone Study (2015).
Government of Alberta: $1.2M to
study effluents from the Alberta Oil Sands Production Field. 2016-2019).