INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY IN ATMOSPHERIC POTENTIAL OXYGEN FROM THE SCRIPPS ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN ...
Description:
The influence of air-sea fluxes on atmospheric oxygen can
be separated from terrestrial influences using the tracer Atmospheric Potential
Oxygen (APO). Data collected by the Scripps atmospheric oxygen
flask sampling network exhibits interannual variability in APO coherent over the northern
hemisphere. The timing of these changes
correlates with climatic changes in the North Pacific.
Author's Names: R.C. Hamme, R.F. Keeling, and W.J. Paplawsky
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REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 USING THE SCIAMACHY INSTRUMENT
Description:
The remote sensing of CO2 from satellites
is an exciting new and rapidly developing field in carbon cycle research. Satellite
sensors have the potential to provide a wealth of information on atmospheric CO2,
covering many regions that are scarsely monitored the ground based
observational networks. Satellite measurements could significantly strengthen
the power of inverse modelling computations in tracing sources and sinks of CO2.
The main challenge, however, is to reach the measurement accuracy needed to
resolve the important CO2 concentration gradients. The current
generation of satellite instruments from which CO2 can be retrieved
is expected to meet the requirements only partly, as the instruments were not
originally designed to measure CO2. Nevertheless interesting results
come out as we will show for the Sciamachy instrument. A particularly difficult
aspect is the determination of the airmass factor, which is needed to translate
the observed optical thickness into a column averaged dry air mixing ratio. The
airmass factor is influenced by e.g. clouds, aerosols, air pressure, and
orography. So far the uncertainty assessments have mainly relied on theoretical
investigations and ground-based measurements. The measurements from Sciamachy
allow us to verify these studies, and some of the methods that have been
proposed to reduce or eliminate the errors. We will demonstrate this with the
main focus on aerosols. Error assessments using in-flight data will be
indispensable for improving future instruments.
Author's Names: S. Houweling, W. Hartmann, I.Aben, H. Schrijver, et al
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OVERVIEW OF GREENHOUSE-GASES OBSERVING SATELLITE PROJECT
Description:
GOSAT is a satellite to
measure the column densities of CO2 and CH4 from space
globally, and it is scheduled to be launched in 2008. It has a short wavelength
infrared (SWIR) Fourier transform
spectrometer (FTS) which measures
both the ground surface scattered solar light over land and the right reflected
light (sun-glint) over ocean. Column densities of CO2
and CH4 will be retrieved from the SWIR
(i.e. 1.6 µm and 2.0 µm bands) data and the optical path length from oxygen A-band
(0.76 µm). A cloud and aerosol sensor composed of three spectral image sensors (0.380,
0.678 and 1.62 µm) is equipped, viewing the wider area than FTS. This is a joint project among Ministry of
Environment of Japan (MOE), National Insitutite for Environmental Studies
(NIES) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
Author's Names: G. Inoue, T. Aoki, N. Eguchi, A. Higurashi, et al
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VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF pCO2 IN SURAFCE SEAWATER IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC ...
Description:
Measurements of the
partial pressure of CO2 in surface seawater (pCO2w)
have been made frequently and extensively in the western North Pacific (3-35°N,
132-142°E) since 1990. Based on the time series analysis of pCO2w
data, we obtained a “climatological view” of seasonal variation in pCO2w
in the western North Pacific. We have examined the relationship between pCO2w
and sea surface temperature (SST). The pCO2w–SST
relationship varies spatially and temporally. The pCO2w
showed an average growth rate of 1.6 µatm yr-1 (nearly equal to that
of the air, pCO2a) with large variability (±8.9µatm yr-1).
In 1998, larger growth rates of pCO2w occurred in the
subtropical gyre and the western equatorial Pacific, which was probably
associated with the 1997/98 El Niño phenomena. To know processes affecting
long-term variations in pCO2w, we have examined seasonal
variation in growth rate of pCO2w. The linear growth rate
of pCO2w during the winter season ranged from 1.3±0.2 to 2.1±0.2µatm yr-1 with an average of 1.7±0.2µatm
yr-1. During
spring/summer seasons, the
average growth rate of pCO2w was larger than 2µatm yr-1 north of 27°N, and within the range from
0 to 1µatm yr-1 in the North Equatorial Current. These increases were
mostly caused by the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, and to
some extent, other processes controlling the pCO2w change: thermodynamic effect, lateral
transport and vertical mixing, and biological activity.
Author's Names: H.Y. Inoue, M. Ishii, T. Midorikawa, A. Nakadate, et al
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VERTICAL PROFILES OF THE O2 N2 RATIO IN THE STRATOSPHERE OVER JAPAN AND ANTARCTICA
Description: To
examine vertical distributions of the O2/N2 ratio in the stratosphere, air
samples were collected using a cryogenic sampler over Sanriku,
Japan and Syowa, Antarctica. It
was clearly seen that d(O2/N2), as well as
simultaneously measured d15N of N2 and d18O of O2, decreased
gradually with increasing height in the stratosphere. The observed profiles of
stratospheric ï€ d15N and d18O were in good agreement
with those calculated using a steady state
1-dimensional eddy-diffusion/molecular-diffusion model suggesting that the
upward decrease of stratospheric d(O2/N2)
is caused by O2 and N2 molecules fractionated differently
by gravity. The stratospheric d(O2/N2) corrected for the
gravitational separation indicated that the average value at heights above
20-25 km over Sanriku was always higher than
the upper tropospheric d(O2/N2)
value over Japan
at the corresponding time, and that it has decreased secularly, as was found in
the troposphere.
Author's Names: Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Satoshi Sugawara, Gen Hashida, et al
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TREND OF THE TOTAL INORGANIC CARBON INCREASE IN THE SUBTROPICAL WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC SINCE ...
Description:
High-quality data of
total inorganic carbon (TCO2)
and other oceanographic parameters have been acquired repeatedly between 1994 and
2003 along 137ºE (WOCE P9) in the western North Pacific. They indicate the significant
increase in TCO2,
apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and preformed TCO2
in the water columns between 20ºN and 30ºN, in particular, in the North Pacific
Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW). The increase in the preformed TCO2 suggests the 0.9 to 1.1 mol m-2
yr-1 accumulation of the anthropogenic CO2 in this region.
However, the change in the preformed TCO2
associated with the change in the formation region and/or advection of NPSTMW
is also suggested.
Author's Names: M.Ishii, S.Saito, S.Masuda, A.Nakadate, et al
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OCEANIC CONSTRAINTS ON THE SIZE OF THE TERRESTRIAL CO2 FERTILIZATION SINK
Description: We have constructed an
estimate of annual-mean surface fluxes of carbon dioxide for the period 1992-6
using observational constraints from the atmosphere and from the ocean
interior. The method interprets in situ
observations of carbon dioxide concentration in the ocean and atmosphere using
transport estimates from global circulation models.
Author's Names: A.R. Jacobson, J.L. Sarmiento, M. Gloor, N. Gruber, et al
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IMPLICATIONS OF OCEAN INTERIOR CO2 AND 14CO2 FOR AIR-SEA GAS EXCHANGE PARAMETERIZATIONS
Description:
In recent years our knowledge of gas
exchange across the air-sea interface at the process level has improved as a
consequence of new instrumentation and novel use of injected and natural
tracers. However, there remains
significant uncertainty in the extrapolation of these results to larger scales,
especially for studies focusing on global-scale processes such as the earth's
carbon cycle.
Author's Names: A.R. Jacobson, M. Gloor, C. Sweeney, R.M. Key, et al
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ATMOSPHERIC CO2 GROWTH-RATE ANOMALIES IN 2002-03
Description:
We examine the growth-rate of atmospheric CO2
in 2002 and 2003. Observations show consecutive increases of greater than 2 ppmv
per year for the first time on the Mauna Loa
record. We use a statistical regression to show that increasing anthropogenic emissions
and ENSO activity are unable to
account for the CO2 growth-rates of 1992 and 1993 following the
Pinatubo volcanic eruption, or the anomalously high growth-rate of 2003. Increased
forest fires in the northern hemisphere, consistent with remote-sensing and
carbon monoxide measurements, seem likely to have contributed significantly to
the 2003 anomaly. We hypothesise that the hot and dry Eurasian summer of 2003
led to an increase in forest fire emissions from Siberia,
and may also have directly suppressed land-carbon uptake. Model results lead us
to expect a steady increase in airborne fraction as climate change weakens the
natural carbon sink and accelerates CO2 rise.
Author's Names: Chris Jones, Peter Cox, Peter Simmonds, Alistair Manning
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REGIONAL BOMB-PRODUCED RADIOCARBON INVENTORIES AND THE AIR-SEA GAS TRANSFER VELOCITY
Description: Two major problems in carbon cycle research are that the current
data-based budget of artificially-produced radiocarbon is unbalanced and that
the air-sea gas transfer piston velocity remains uncertain. In this study, the
regional distribution of bomb-produced radiocarbon inventories in the ocean and
their dependencies on the piston velocity is analysed within a seasonal, 3-d
frictional-geostrophic balance ocean model. Model results and data-based reconstructions
are compared to evaluate the consistency between the applied piston velocity
field and data-deduced ocean inventories. Bomb-radiocarbon inventories in the
GEOSECS and WOCE era are predominantly governed by the applied piston velocity.
Here, the piston velocity field provided by the Ocean Carbon Cycle
Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-II) were prescribed and scaled by a globally
constant factor in a range of sensitivity simulations.
Author's Names: S. A. Müller, F. Joos and G.-K. Plattner
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