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Twentieth Century Reanalysis (V2): Monthly Mean Single Level (Analyses and Forecasts)
Brief Description:
- 20th Century Reanalysis contains objectively-analyzed 4-dimensional weather maps and their uncertainty for most of the 1900's.
Temporal Coverage:
- Monthly values for 1871/01 to 2010/12.
- Monthly Regular Grids are from 4-times Daily Analysis.
- Monthly Gaussian Grids are from 8-times Daily 3-hr Forecasts.
- Long Term Mean Monthly values averaged 1981-2008 .
Spatial Coverage:
- 2.0 degree latitude x 2.0 degree longitude global grid (180x91).
- 90N - 90.0S, 0.0E - 358.E.
- ~2.0 degree latitude x 1.75 degree longitude global grid (192x94).
- T62 Gaussian grid with 192x94 points
- 88.542N-88.542S, 0E-358.125E.
Analyses
3-Hour Forecasts
Levels:
- single level files
Update Schedule:
- Subsequent years are will be updated at the end of each year.
Usage Restrictions:
- None
Detailed Description:
-
The analysis is performed with the Ensemble Filter as described in
Compo et al. (2010) based on the method of Whitaker and Hamill
(2002). Observations of surface pressure and sea level pressure
from the International Surface Pressure Databank station component
version 2 (Yin et al. 2008), ICOADS (Woodruff et al. 2009),
and the International Best Track Archive for Climatic Stewardship
(IBTrACS, Kruk et al. 2010) were assimilated every six hours.
The surface pressure observations have been made available
through international cooperation facilitated by the Atmospheric
Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) initiative and
working groups of the
Global Climate Observing System and
World Climate Research Programme.
The short-term forecast ensemble is generated in parallel from 56 9-hour integrations
of a state-of-the-art atmospheric general circulation model, a
2008 updated experimental version of the atmospheric component
of NCEP's operational
Climate Forecast System model (Saha et al. 2006).
Briefly, the model has a spatial resolution of
nearly 200-km on an irregular Gaussian grid in the horizontal (corresponding
to a spherical harmonic representation of model fields truncated at total
wavenumber 62, T62). In the vertical, we use finite differencing of 28 levels.
The model has a complete suite of physical parameterizations as described in
Kanamitsu et al. (1991) with recent updates detailed in Moorthi et al. (2001).
Additional updates to these parameterizations are described in Saha et al.
and include revised solar radiation transfer, boundary layer vertical
diffusion, cumulus convection, and gravity wave drag parameterizations. In
addition, the cloud liquid water is a prognostic quantity with a simple cloud
microphysics parameterization. The radiation interacts with a fractional cloud
cover that is diagnostically determined by the predicted cloud liquid water.
The 2008 experimental version of the model used for the 20th Century Reanalysis
also includes the radiative effects of historical time-varying CO2 concentrations,
volcanic aerosol and solar variations using the longwave radiation model of
Mlawer et al. (1997) and shortwave radiation model of Hou et al. (2002). The
specified boundary conditions needed to run the model in atmosphere-only mode
are taken from the time-evolving sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration
fields of the HadISST1.1 dataset obtained courtesy of the United Kingdom Met
Office Hadley Centre (Rayner et al. 2003).
- Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, P.D. Sardeshmukh, N. Matsui, R.J. Allan, X. Yin, B.E. Gleason, R.S. Vose, G. Rutledge, P. Bessemoulin, S. Brönnimann, M. Brunet, R.I. Crouthamel, A.N. Grant, P.Y. Groisman, P.D. Jones, M. Kruk, A.C. Kruger, G.J. Marshall, M. Maugeri, H.Y. Mok, Ø. Nordli, T.F. Ross, R.M. Trigo, X.L. Wang, S.D. Woodruff, and S.J. Worley, 2011: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Quarterly J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1-28. DOI: 10.1002/qj.776.
- Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, and P.D. Sardeshmukh, 2006: Feasibility of a 100 year reanalysis using only surface pressure data. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 87, 175-190.
- Gleason, B.E., G.P. Compo, N. Matsui, X. Yin, and R.S. Vose, 2008: The International Surface Pressure Databank (ISPD) land component version 2.2, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, pp. 1-12. [Available on line at ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ispd/doc/ISPD2_2.pdf ]
- Hou, Y,. S. Moorthi and K. Compana, 2002: Parameterization of solar radiation transfer in NCEP models. NCEP Office Note #441. [Available at http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/officenotes/FullTOC.html#2000]
- Kanamitsu, M, and Coauthors 1991: Recent changes implemented into the global forecast system at NMC. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 425-435. Knapp K.R., M.C. Kruk, D.H. Levinson, H.J. Diamond, and C.J. Neumann, 2009: The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: In Press, DOI: 10.1175/2009BAMS2755.1
- Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102(D14), 16,663-16,682
- Moorthi, S., H.-L. Pan, and P. Caplan, 2001: Changes to the 2001 NCEP operational MRF/AVN global analysis/forecast system. NWS Tech. Procedures Bulletin 484, 14 pp. [Available online at http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/tpb/484.htm.]
- Rayner, N.A., D.E. Parker, E.B. Horton, C.K. Folland, L.V. Alexander, D.P. Rowell, E.C Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of SST, sea ice and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670.
- Saha, S. and Coauthors, 2006: The NCEP Climate Forecast System. J. Climate, 19, 3483-3517.
- Whitaker, J. S., and T.M. Hamill, 2002: Ensemble data assimilation without perturbed observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1913-1924.
- Woodruff, S.D., S.J.Worley, S.J. Lubker, Z. Ji, J.E. Freeman, D.I. Berry, P. Brohan, E.C. Kent, R.W. Reynolds, S.R. Smith, and C. Wilkinson, 2009: ICOADS release 2.5: Extensions and enhancements to the surface marine meteorological archive. Int. J. Climatol., submitted.
Caveats:
20th Century Reanalysis fields for November and December 2010 are being regenerated due to a misspecification of the sea surface temperature fields. The re-run is supported by the US Department of Energy Office of Science.
Download/Plot Data:
Gaussian Gridded (192x94) data. From 3-hr Forecast Values (8 times daily)
Related File Naming & Structure Information:
File Names:
- 4-times daily /Datasets/20thC_ReanV2/Monthlies/monolevel/filename
- 4-times daily /Datasets/20thC_ReanV2/Monthlies/monolevel_sprd/filename
- 4-times daily /Datasets/20thC_ReanV2/Monthlies/gaussian/monolevel/filename
- 4-times daily /Datasets/20thC_ReanV2/Monthlies/gaussian_sprd/monolevel/filename
Dataset Format and Size:
Missing Data:
- Missing data is flagged with a value of 32767s or 9.36e36f..
OpenDap File Names:
- http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/thredds/dodsC/Datasets/20thC_ReanV2/Monthlies/monolevel/filename
- http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/thredds/dodsC/Datasets/20thC_ReanV2/Monthlies/monolevel_sprd/filename
FTP File Names:
- ftp.cdc.noaa.gov/Datasets/20thC_ReanV2/Monthlies/monolevel/*
- ftp.cdc.noaa.gov/Datasets/20thC_ReanV2/Monthlies/monolevel_sprd/*
Citation:
- Please note: If you acquire 20th Century Reanalysis data products from PSD, we ask that you acknowledge us in your use of the data. This may be done by including text such as 20th Century Reanalysis data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/ in any documents or publications using these data. We would also appreciate receiving a copy of the relevant publications. This will help PSD to justify keeping the 20th Century Reanalysis data set freely available online in the future. Thank you!
The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center and of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which are supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, respectively.
Papers using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project dataset are requested to include the following text in their acknowledgments: "Support for the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project dataset is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (DOE INCITE) program, and Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program Office."
- Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, P.D. Sardeshmukh, N. Matsui, R.J. Allan, X. Yin, B.E. Gleason, R.S. Vose, G. Rutledge, P. Bessemoulin, S. Brönnimann, M. Brunet, R.I. Crouthamel, A.N. Grant, P.Y. Groisman, P.D. Jones, M. Kruk, A.C. Kruger, G.J. Marshall, M. Maugeri, H.Y. Mok, Ø. Nordli, T.F. Ross, R.M. Trigo, X.L. Wang, S.D. Woodruff, and S.J. Worley, 2011: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Quarterly J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1-28. DOI: 10.1002/qj.776 Free and Open Access.
- Compo,G.P., J.S. Whitaker, and P.D. Sardeshmukh, 2006: Feasibility of a 100 year reanalysis using only surface pressure data. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 87, 175-190.
- Whitaker, J.S., G.P.Compo, X. Wei, and T.M. Hamill 2004: Reanalysis without radiosondes using ensemble data assimilation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1190-1200.
References:
Original Source:
- Data are Data are courtesy of Gilbert Compo1,2 , Jeff Whitaker2, and Prashant Sardeshmukh1,2 . University of Colorado CIRES-Climate Diagnostics Center 2. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory - Physical Sciences Division.
- Papers using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project dataset are requested to include the following text in their acknowledgments: "Support for the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project dataset is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (DOE INCITE) program, and Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program Office."
The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center and of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which are supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, respectively.
Other Sources:
- GRIB data files are available from NCAR Data Support Section at http://dss.ucar.edu/datasets/ds131.1/
Contact:
- For help with the dataset please contact Gil Compo, Research Scientist, CIRES University of Colorado Email: compo@colorado.edu
-
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