5.7. REFERENCES
AFEAS (Alternative Fluorocarbon Environmental Acceptability Study), Production, Sales and Atmospheric Release of Fluorocarbons Through 1993, S & PS, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1995.
Albritton, D.L., R.G. Derwent, I.S.A. Isaken, M. Lal, D.J. Wuebbles, Trace gas radiative forcing indices, in Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and An Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios, edited by J.T. Houghton, L.G.M. Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K. Maskell, 339 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
Bakwin, P.S., P.P Tans, C. Zhao, W. Ussler, III, and E. Quesnell, Measurements of carbon dioxide on a very tall tower, Tellus, 47B, 535-549, 1995.
Battle, M., M. Bender, T. Sowers, P. Tans, J. Butler, J. Elkins, J. Ellis, T. Conway, N. Zhang, P. Lang, and A. Clarke, Histories of atmospheric gases from the firn at South Pole. Nature, in press, 1996.
Boering, K.A., E.J. Hintsa, S.C. Wofsy, J.G. Anderson, B.C. Daube, A.E. Dessler, M. Loewenstein, M.P. McCormick, J.R. Podolske, E.M. Weinstock, and G.K. Yue, Measurements of stratospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor at northern midlatitudes: Implications for troposphere-to-stratosphere transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2737-2740, 1995.
Butler, J.H., The potential role of the ocean in regulating atmospheric CH3Br, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 185-189, 1994.
Butler, J.H., Methyl bromide under scrutiny. Nature, 376, 469-470, 1995.
Butler, J.H., Scientific uncertainties in the budget of atmospheric methyl bromide, Atmos. Environ., 30(7), i-iii, 1996.
Butler, J.H., and J. Rodriguez, Methyl bromide in the atmosphere, in The Methyl Bromide Issue, edited by N. Price, London, Wiley and Sons, Ltd., in press, 1996.
Butler, J.H., J.W. Elkins, B.D. Hall, S.O. Cummings, and S.A. Montzka, A decrease in the growth rates of atmospheric halon concentrations, Nature, 359, 403-405, 1992.
Butler, J.H., Lobert J.M., S.A. Yvon, and L.S. Geller, The distribution and cycling of halogenated trace gases between the atmosphere and ocean, in The Expedition Antarktis XII of RV "Polarstern" in 1994/95. Reports of Legs ANT XII/1 and 2, edited by G. Kattner and K. Fuetterer, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 1995.
Daniel, J.S., S. Solomon, and D.L. Albritton, On the evaluation of halocarbon radiative forcing and global warming potentials, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1271-1285, 1995.
Elkins, J.W., T.M. Thompson, T.H. Swanson, J.H. Butler, B.D. Hall, S.O. Cummings, D.A. Fisher, and A.G. Raffo, Decrease in the growth rates of atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12, Nature, 364, 780-783. 1993.
Elkins, J.W., D.W. Fahey, J.M. Gilligan, G.S. Dutton, T.J. Baring, C.M. Volk, R.E. Dunn, R.C. Myers, S.A. Montzka, P.R. Wamsley, A.H. Hayden, J.H. Butler, T.M Thompson, T.H. Swanson, E.J. Dlugokencky, P.C. Novelli, D.F. Hurst, J.M. Lobert, S.J. Cicora, R.J. McLaughlin, T.L. Thompson, R.H. Winkler, P.J. Fraser, L.P. Steele, M.P. Lucarelli, Airborne gas chromatograph for in situ measurements of long lived species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett, 23(4), 347-350, 1996.
Eluszkiewicz, J., D. Crisp, R. Zurek, L. Elson, E. Fishbein, L. Froidevaux, J. Waters, R.G. Grainger, A. Lambert, R. Harwood, and G. Peckham, Residual circulation in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere as diagnosed from microwave limb sounder data, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 217-240, 1996.
Etheridge, D.M., L.P. Steele, R.L. Langenfelds, R.J. Francey, J.M. Barnola, and V.I. Morgan, Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D2), 4115-4128, 1996.
Fahey, D.W., J.W. Elkins, S.A. Montzka, R.C. Myers, G.S. Dutton, C.M. Volk, Mean age of the air mass: In situ measurements of stratospheric sulfur hexafluoride in 1994, EOS, 76, p. 130, 1995.
Fahey, D.W., D.M. Murphy, K.K. Kelly, M.K.W. Ko, M.H. Proffitt, C.S. Eubank, D.W. Ferry, M. Loewenstein, and K.R. Chan, Measurements of nitric oxide and total reactive nitrogen in the Antarctic stratosphere: Observations and chemical implications, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16,665-16,681, 1989.
Garcia, R.R., and S. Solomon, A New numerical model of the middle atmosphere 2. Ozone and related species, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,937-12,951, 1994.
Geller, L., J. Lobert, J. Butler, R. Myers, J. Elkins, Latitudinal distribution of sulfur hexafluoride in and over the Atlantic and E. Pacific Oceans, EOS, 76, p. 17, 1994.
Goldan, P.D., W.C. Kuster, D.L. Albritton, and A.L. Schmeltekopf, Stratospheric CFCl3, CF2Cl2, and N2O height profile measurements at several latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 413-423, 1980.
Hurst, D., L. Geller, P. Novelli, P. Bakwin, R. Myers, J. Elkins, Observations of sulfur hexafluoride from a very tall tower in the southeastern United States, EOS, 76, p. 70, 1995.
Hall, T. M., and R. A. Plumb, Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059-1070, 1994.
Irion, F.W., M. Brown, G.C. Toon, M.R. Gunson, Increase in atmospheric CHF2Cl (HCFC-22) over Southern California from 1985 to 1990, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1723-1726, 1994.
Lobert, J.M., J.H. Butler, S.A. Montzka, L.S. Geller, R.C. Myers, and J.W. Elkins, A net sink for atmospheric methyl bromide in the East Pacific Ocean. Science, 267, 1002-1005, 1995.
Lobert, J. M., J. H. Butler, L. S. Geller, S. A. Yvon, S. A. Montzka, R. C. Myers, A. D. Clarke, J. W. Elkins, BLAST 94: Bromine Latitudinal Air Sea Transect 1994. Report on Oceanic Measurements of Methyl Bromide and Other Compounds, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL CMDL-10, 39 pp., NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 1996.
Machida, T., T. Nakazawa, Y. Fujii, S. Aoki, and O. Watanabe, Increase in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 250 years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(21), 2921-2924, 1995.
Maiss, M., L.P. Steele, R.J. Francey, P.J. Fraser, R.L. Langenfelds, N. B.A. Trivett, and I. Levin, Sulfur hexafluoridea powerful new atmospheric trace, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1621-1629, 1996.
McCormick, M.P., E.W. Chiou, L.R. McMaster, W.P. Chu, J.C. Larsen, D. Rind, and S. Oltmans, Annual variations of water vapor in the stratosphere and upper troposphere observed by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4867-4874, 1993.
McCulloch, A., and P. Midgely, The production and global distribution of emissions of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and dichloromethane over the period 1988-1992, Atmos. Env., 30, 601-608, 1996.
McElroy, M. B., R. J. Salawitch, S. C. Wofsy and J. A. Logan, Reductions of antarctic ozone due to synergistic interactions of chlorine and bromine, Nature, 321, 759-762, 1986.
Minschwaner, K., R.J. Salawitch, and M.B. McElroy, Absorption of solar radiation by O2: Implications for O3 and lifetimes of N2O, CFCl3, and CF2Cl2, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,543-10,561, 1993.
Montzka, S.A., R.C. Myers, J.H. Butler, J.W. Elkins, and S.O. Cummings, Global tropospheric distribution and calibration scale of HCFC-22, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 703-706, 1993.
Montzka, S.A., R.C. Myers, J.H. Butler, and J.W. Elkins, Early trends in the global tropospheric distribution of hydrofluorocarbon-141b and -142b, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2483-2486, 1994.
Montzka, S.A., J.H. Butler, J.W. Elkins, S. Yvon, A. Clarke, J. Lobert, and L. Lock, Difficulties associated with measuring atmospheric levels of methyl bromide and other methyl halides, EOS, 76, S160, 1995a.
Montzka, S.A., R.C. Myers, J.M. Butler, T.M. Thompson, J.W. Elkins, L.T. Lock, A.D. Clarke, T.H. Swanson, Changing trends in the global tropospheric abundance of CFCs, HCFC, HFCs, and chlorine in recent time, EOS, 76, F98, 1995b.
Montzka, S.A., R.C. Myers, J.H. Butler, J.W. Elkins, L.T. Lock, A.D. Clarke, A.H. Goldstein, Observations of HFC-134a in the remote troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 169-172, 1996a.
Montzka, S.A., J.H. Butler, R.C. Myers, T.M. Thompson, T.H. Swanson, S.D. Clarke, L.T. Lock, J.W. Elkins, Decline in the tropospheric abundance of halogen from halocarbons, Science, 272, 1318-1322, 1996b.
Mote, P.W., K.H. Rosenlof, M.E. McIntyre, E.S. Carr, J.S. Kinnersley, H.C. Pumphrey, R.S. Harwood, J.R. Holton, J.M. Russell III, J.W. Waters, J.C. Gille, and K.K. Kelly, An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3989-4006, 1996.
Murphy, D.M., S.W. Fahey, M.H. Proffitt, S.C. Liu, K.R. Chan, C.S. Eubank, S.R. Kawa, and K.K. Kelly, Reactive nitrogen and its correlation with ozone in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8751-8773, 1993.
Oram, D.E., C.E. Reeves, S.A. Penkett, and P.J. Fraser, Measurements of HCFC-142b and HCFC-141b in the Cape Grim air archive: 1978-1993, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2741-2744, 1995.
Peterson, J.T., and R.M. Rosson (Eds.), Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, No. 21, Summary Report 1992, 131 pp., NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 1993.
Peterson, J.T., and R.M. Rosson (Eds.), Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, No. 22, Summary Report 1993, 152 pp., NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 1994.
Plumb, R.A., A "tropical pipe" model of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3957-3972, 1996.
Plumb, R.A., and M.K.W. Ko, Interrelationships between mixing ratios of long-lived stratospheric constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,145-10,156, 1992.
Podolske, J., and M. Loewenstein, Airborne tunable diode laser spectrometer for trace-gas measurement in the lower stratosphere, Appl. Opt., 32, 5324-5333, 1993.
Pollock, W.H., L.E. Heidt, R.A. Lueb, J.F. Vedder, M.J. Mills, S. Solomon, On the age of stratospheric air and ozone depletion potentials in polar regions, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12,993-12,999, 1992.
Prather, M.J., and R.T. Watson, Stratospheric ozone depletion and future levels of atmospheric chlorine and bromine, Nature, 344, 729-734, 1990.
Prinn, R.G., R.F. Weiss, B.R. Miller, J. Huang, F.N. Alyea, D.M. Cunnold, P.J. Fraser, D.E. Hartley, and P.G. Simmonds, Atmospheric trends and lifetime of CH3CCl3 and global OH concentrations, Science, 269, 187-192, 1995.
Proffitt, M.H., and J. McLaughlin, Fast-response dual-beam UV absorption ozone photometer suitable for use on stratospheric balloons, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 54, 1719-1728, 1983.
Randel, W.J., J.C. Gille, A.E. Roche, J.B. Kumer, J.L. Mergenthaler, J.W. Waters, E.F. Fishbein, and W.A. Lahoz, Stratospheric transport from the tropics to middle latitudes by planetary-wave mixing, Nature, 365, 533-535, 1993.
Ravishankara, A. R., S. Solomon, A.A. Turnipseed, R.F. Warren, Atmospheric lifetimes of long-lived halogenated species, Science, 259, 194-199, 1993.
Rinsland, C. P., E. Mahieu, R. Zander, M. R. Gunson, R. J. Salawitch, A. Y. Chang, A. Goldman, M. C. Abrams, M. M. Abbas, M. J. Newchurch, and F. W. Irion, Trends of OCS, HCN, SF6, and CHClF2 (HCFC-22) in the lower stratosphere from 1985 and 1994 atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy experiment measurements near 30oN latitude, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 1996.
Rosenlof, K.H., Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5173-5191, 1995.
Salawitch, R.J., S.C. Wofsy, P.O. Wennberg, R.C. Cohen, J.G. Anderson, D.W. Fahey, R.S. Gao, E.R. Keim, E.L. Woodbridge, R.M. Stimpfle, J.P. Koplow, D.W. Kohn, C.R. Webster, R.D. May, L. Pfister, E.W. Gottlieb, H.A. Michelsen, G.K. Yue, M.J. Prather, J.C. Wilson, C.A. Brock, H.H. Jonsson, J.E. Dye, D. Baumgardner, M.H. Proffitt, M. Loewenstein, J.R. Podolske, J.W. Elkins, G.S. Dutton, E.J. Hintsa, A.E. Dessler, E.M. Weinstock, K.K. Kelly, K.A. Boering, B.C. Daube, K.R. Chan, and S.W. Bowen, The diurnal variation of hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine radicals: Implications for the heterogeneous production of HNO2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2251-2554, 1994.
Schauffler S.M., L.E. Heidt, W.H. Pollock, T.M. Gilpin, J.F. Vedder, S. Solomon, R.A. Lueb, and E.L. Atlas, Measurements of halogenated organic compounds near the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2567-2570, 1993.
Schauffler S.M., W.H. Pollock, E.L. Atlas, L.E. Heidt, and J.S. Daniel, Atmospheric distributions of HCFC 141b, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 819-822, 1995.
Shorter, J.H., C.E. Kolb, P.M. Crill, R.A. Kerwin, R.W. Talbot, M.E. Hines, and R.C. Harriss, Rapid degradation of atmospheric methyl bromide in soils. Nature, 377, 717-719, 1995.
Solomon S., R. W. Portmann, R. R. Garcia, L. W. Thomason, L.R. Poole, and M. P. McCormick, The role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion at northern midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6713-6727, 1996.
Stolarski, R.S., S.L. Baughcum, W.H. Brune, A.R. Douglass, D.W. Fahey, R.R. Friedl, S.C. Liu, R.A. Plumb, L.R. Poole, H.L. Wesoky, D.R. Worsnop, 1995 Scientific Assessment of the Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft, NASA Ref. Pub. 1381, 1996.
Swanson, T.H., J.W. Elkins, J.H. Butler, S.A. Montzka, R.C. Myers, T.M. Thompson, T.J. Baring, S.O. Cummings, G.S. Dutton, A.H. Hayden, J.M. Lobert, G.A. Holcomb, W.T. Sturges, and T.M. Gilpin, in Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory No. 21 Summary Report 1992, edited by J.T. Peterson and R.M. Rosson, pp. 59-75, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 1993.
Thompson, T.M., J.W. Elkins, J.H. Butler, S.A. Montzka, R.C. Myers, T.J. Baring, S.O. Cummings. G.S. Dutton, J.M Gilligan, A.H. Hayden, J.M. Lobert, T.H. Swanson, D.F. Hurst, and C.M. Volk, in Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory No. 22 Summary Report 1992, pp. 72-91, edited by J.T. Peterson and R.M. Rosson, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 1994.
Trepte, C.R., and M.H. Hitchman, Tropical stratospheric circulation deduced from satellite aerosol data, Nature, 355, 626-628, 1992.
Volk, C.M., J.W. Elkins, D.W. Fahey, R.J. Salawitch, G.S. Dutton, J.M. Gilligan, M.H. Proffitt, M. Loewenstein, J.R. Podolske, K. Minschwaner, J.J. Margitan, and K.R. Chan, Quantifying transport between the tropical and midlatitude lower stratosphere, Science, 272, 1763-1768, 1996.
WMO (World Meteorological Organization), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994, WMO, Geneva, 1995.
Yung, Y.L., J.P. Pinto, R.T. Watson and S.P. Sander, Atmospheric bromine and ozone perturbations in the lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 339353, 1980.
Yvon, S.A., and J.H. Butler An improved estimate of the oceanic lifetime of atmospheric CH3Br, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 53-56, 1996.
Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, C.P. Rinsland, D.K. Weisenstein, M.K.W.
Ko, N.D. Sze, and M.R. Gunson, Secular evolution of the vertical column abundances
of CHClF2 (HCFC-22) in the Earth's atmosphere inferred from ground-based
IR solar observations at the Jungfraujoch and at Kitt Peak, and comparison with
model calculations, J. Atmos, Chem, 18, 129-148, 1994.
[back]
[contents]