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Impacts of Climate-carbon Cycle Feedbacks on Emission Scenarios to Achieve Stabi

by Chris Jones

At present, approximately half of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions are absorbed by the land and oceans [Jones and Cox, 2005], but climate changes may act to reduce this uptake, leading to higher CO₂ levels for a given emission scenario [Cox et al., 2000, Friedlingstein et al., 2005, in prep.]. Less attention has been paid to the potential impact of carbon cycle feedbacks on the emissions reductions required to achieve stabilisation (the so called “permissible emissions”), although this is arguably more pertinent to the issue of avoiding dangerous climate change in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change.

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Effect of Vertical DIC Distribution on Storage Efficiency of Direct Injection of

by Baixin Chen

We estimated the effects of initial vertical distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on storage efficiency of direct injection of CO₂ into the ocean. Our simulations shown that the storage efficiencies could be reduced up to 10% if a relative large droplet (30 mm in diameter) was injected at depth of 1500m. The storage efficiency of CO₂ ocean sequestration is strongly related with not only injection depth but also the initial CO₂ droplet diameter. With a given injection rate, the larger droplets injected will produce a dilute DIC plume and thus improve the acute biological impacts but a smaller storage effective due to droplet ascending.

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Role of Agricultural Management Mitigating Carbon and other Greenhouse Emissions

by Stephen Del Grosso

Analyses of Northern Hemisphere carbon fluxes indicate that a number of ecosystem processes jointly contribute to source and sink exchanges of CO₂ which affect the net carbon sequestered from the atmosphere. These processes (e.g., CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, and H₂O dynamics) exhibit high variability in time and space with the largest variability corresponding to human land management events. Therefore, the spatial and temporal incorporation of land management information is needed to properly represent net carbon and other GHG fluxes.

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Mineral Carbon Sequestration - Still a Viable Option

by Sam Krevor

This paper provides background and summarizes evidence supporting the possibility of developing a low-cost mineral carbon dioxide sequestration technology.

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Metrics to Assess the Mitigation of Global Warming by Carbon Capture and Storage

by Peter Haugan

Different metrics to assess mitigation of global warming by carbon capture and storage are discussed. The climatic impact of capturing 30% of the anthropogenic carbon emission and its storage in the ocean or in a geological reservoir are evaluated for different stabilization scenarios using a reduced-form carbon cycle-climate model. The accumulated Global Warming Avoided (GWA) remains, after a ramp-up during the first ~50 years, in the range of 15 to 30% over the next millennium for deep ocean injection and for geological storage with annual leakage rates of up to about 0.001. For longer time scales, the GWA may approach zero or become negative for storage in a reservoir with even small leakage rates, accounting for the CO₂ associated with the energy penalty for carbon capture. For an annual leakage rate of 0.01, surface air temperature becomes higher than in the absence of storage after three centuries only.

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Information Needs for Adaptive Management of the Carbon Cycle: From Regional Car

by Dennis Ojima

During the past two centuries, human activities have undertaken a vast earth system modification of the carbon (C) cycle. Early during this period, humans have converted native vegetation to croplands. Such land use changes have mobilized massive amounts of C. During the past century, increased use of fossil energy sources, primarily coal and oil, have resulted in the rapid expansion of industry and technology throughout the world. The resulting impact has been to greatly increase the atmospheric concentration of C dioxide (CO₂) to where in 2004 it is estimated to 375ppm, nearly 100 pm greater than the pre-industrial levels. Fossil fuel emissions and land use change have moved the global C cycle out of balance.

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Stabilizing Atmospheric CO2 Concentration: Can Geologic Storage Help?

by Lynn Orr

One option for reducing emissions of CO₂ to the atmosphere as a result of combustion of fossil fuels is to capture CO₂ and inject it into porous subsurface geologic formations. High pressure CO₂ has been used for the last three decades as an agent for enhanced oil recovery, and hence considerable experience in the technical issues associated with predicting the movement of CO₂ in the subsurface has been accumulated. Significant additional quantities of CO₂ could be stored in depleted oil and gas reservoirs if CO₂ were available at low cost. These formations are appealing as storage sites because the subsurface is known to have a trap and seal that contains the buoyant oil or gas.

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The Potential of Upper Ocean Alkalinity Controls for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

by Christoph Heinze

Extreme global model scenarios of complete preservation and degradation of biogenic particulate CaCO₃ (calcium carbonate) in open ocean waters which are supersaturated with respect to CaCO₃ were carried out. According to these experiments, the theoretical potential of upper ocean alkalinity controls for changing the atmospheric pCO₂ (CO₂ partial pressure) amounts to several hundred μatm on time scales of several 10⁴ years. Up to a timescale of 10³ years, however, the respective influence is minor as compared to an expected anthropogenic increase of the atmospheric pCO₂ in the order of 500-1000 μatm.

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Substrate Induced Growth Response of Soil and Rhizosphere Microbial Communities

by Sergei Biagodatsky

The maximal specific growth rate of microorganisms from rhizospheres of Populus deltoides grown under normal CO₂concentration in the atmosphere (400 ppm) was lower compared to the assessments made for plots under elevated CO₂ (800 and 1200 ppm). A similar conclusion was made for microbial communities from soil under winter wheat and sugar beets grown under 370 and 550 ppm CO₂in the atmosphere. Three to four years fumigation of field plots with elevated CO₂ has been shown to result in the formation of rhizosphere microbial communities characterized by faster specific growth rates as compared to microbial community under control plants.

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